想用太陽能板供電CQ？射頻電磁污染你還真得考慮考慮

Photo:G3PGAViaSouthGateAmateur Radio News

編譯：BD7TQ

RF pollution from solar panels

來自太陽能板的射頻電磁污染

太陽能裝置往往會帶來一些無線電干擾電波污染通信環境的問題。

太陽能電池板裝置的電力系統必須強制符合EMC標準（電磁兼容性標準）。這意味著，太陽能電力系統是一個受限制電磁輻射的系統，例如像太陽能板的連接線，逆變器的電纜都有可能輻射電磁場能量（EMF）。但是，這些連接線射頻輻射並沒有超出要求的限制，這一點已經由14個歐洲國家參加的EMC管理聯合工作組在2014年的研究中證實了。

關於CE標誌

當一個太陽能板驅動器(指逆變器驅動)符合國際和歐盟的電磁兼容標準後，製造商就將貼上CE的標誌。這意味著該產品符合歐盟法規包括電磁兼容的指標要求。CE代表著歐盟認證。產品上的一個CE標誌並不意味著測試機構做過相應的測量。但它不只是一個標籤，因為製造商，進口商和安裝者都必須對這個太陽能驅動器符合電磁兼容法規承擔相應的責任。

但是在被檢查的太陽能驅動器中，只有33%的驅動器符合歐盟的電磁兼容標準。更不幸的是，在實際情況中，這些太陽能電池板裝置還出現安裝錯的情況。只有33%的被調查的太陽能電池板逆變器是併網發電，並符合2014年歐盟的電磁兼容輻射要求。

情況沒有得到改善

這種情況幾乎沒有改善，事實證明，無線電愛好者越來越多地受到來自太陽能電池板裝置的干擾。干擾部分的強度表現為一種很嚴重的嗡嗡聲，而且一直非常的強。這些強幹擾的電磁信號覆蓋了大部分的業餘無線電頻率段，讓無線電愛好者完全不能接收到需要的信號。

只有業餘無線電信號被干擾嗎？

接收干擾問題不僅局限於業餘無線電愛好者。其他頻率使用者也受到很大可困擾。這包括你的汽車車報警、自動氣象站、家庭自動化裝置、無線音箱、家用報警器的遙控，車庫開啟器等等。

是什麼原因導致的無線電干擾？

為了把太陽能電池板的輸出直流電壓轉換普通家庭使用的交流電，需要一個叫逆變器的裝置。逆變器利用了電磁場交替轉換來完成這一個變化過程，這是一個普通的物理原理，我們接收短波，中波，調頻電台電波的信號也是利用了這一原理。歐盟的允許低於可接受的EMF輻射範圍內逆變器的使用。所有這些標準、要求都有統一的歐盟標準。通過在逆變器中巧妙地使用濾波方法可以降低輻射干擾，或者把逆變器的部分電路給完全屏蔽起來，這些措施都可以將干擾輻射降低到一個可接受的水平。此外，即使逆變器轉換裝置符合了規定的輻射要求，在實際使用過程中因不合理的安裝也會導致不必要的無線電干擾輻射。

可能導致二次干擾的情況

生產商為了節約成本，保持競爭優勢，生產商很可能選擇一個不達標的濾波器製造商。反覆的測試和電磁兼容測量費用對生產商來說也是非常是貴的，因此工廠、生產商，進口商，有時省略電磁兼容的測試，儘管在逆變器上的有CE的標誌！但是CE標誌只是一個標誌，並不是我們所想像的那樣做過嚴格的電磁兼容測試。

只有9%的被調查的逆變器滿足所有標準要求

根據以知的研究表明，只有可憐的9%的受調查轉換器符合所有的要求標準（進行技術測量和相關的文件審查）。對於作者來說，這是一個非常嚴肅而且特別令人擔憂的事情。

如何避免無線電干擾

如果你或你的鄰居在太陽能電池板發電上做了投資，但如何避免這類太陽能逆變器的無線電干擾呢？你要積極的要求你的工程商提供歐盟的逆變器商家，如果出現電磁兼容問題你的工程商和該商家願意充分的積極配合解決問題。這意味著，太陽能裝置將產生最低的EMF輻射，對業餘無線電愛好者或其他用戶不會產生任何問題。但任何情況下，百分之百的避免干擾時完全不可能，即使是該太陽能系統完全符合所有的標準。

業餘無線電愛好者來幫忙救援

如果你認為你的太陽能電池板發電裝置可能造成你家的電器出現一些不明原因的故障？請與當地的VERON機構聯繫（挪威的無線電聯盟），業餘無線電愛好者可以幫助你確定是否是你的太陽能裝置對無線電頻率干擾造成的影響。

RF pollution from solar panels

Solar installations often give problems when it comes to polluting the airwaves with radio interference.

Electrical systems such as solar panel installations must comply with EMC (Electro Magnetic Compatibility) standards. That means for example that there is a limit (limit) is what an electrical system, such as the combination solar panel and inverter including cabling, may emit electromagnetic fields (EMF). However, this emission limit is more often than not exceeded. That turned out already in 2014a study of the EMC Adminstrative Cooperation Working Groupin which 14 European countries took part.

CE marking

When a drive complies with EMC standards include the EU, the manufacturer to affix the CE marking. This is stated that the product complies with European regulations include the EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) Directive. CE stands for Conformité Européenne. A CE marking may be made without an inspection body performs a measurement. It is not a label, but the manufacturer, importer and installer does responsible for compliance with EMC regulations.

But 33% of the examined drives comply with the European EMC standards

But unfortunately in practice that these units or something goes wrong with the installation of the solar panels. Only 33% of surveyed inverters where solar panels are linked, met in 2014 at the European EMC emission requirements.

not improved situation

The situation has hardly improved, evidenced by the fact that radio amateurs are increasingly subject to interference by solar panel installations. The intensity of the interference section a hard hum, can also be very high. There the reception of the desired radio signals over a large part of the amateur radio frequencies such strong radio signals can be transmitted, which is impossible.

Only amateur radio interference?

Failure is not limited to radio amateurs. Other users of the ether may suffer from it considerably. Ranging from the remote control of your car alarm, weather stations, home automation, wireless speakers, home alarms, garage door openers, etc.

What causes radio interference?

To the DC of the solar panel to convert to usable AC power for the home, an inverter is used. produce the flows in such a drive as a by electromagnetic fields (EMF). This is a normal natural phenomenon.To also have received some radio stations on shortwave, medium wave and FM bands, there are EU agreed to allow these EMFs not above an acceptable level (limit). All this is recorded in harmonized EU standards. By the clever use of filtering, which reduces the interference, or the partially 「canning」 of the inverter, this disturbance fields to be reduced to an acceptable level. Also, if a transform meets legal limits, may also cause a false way to install unwanted radio interference in the ether.

Possible cause of the (re) failures

To remain competitive can choose a manufacturer filters to prevent breaches of the standards to omit. This saves the costs. Extensive testing and measuring EMC is costly for a manufacturer, producer or importer and is sometimes omitted, despite the CE marking on the inverter! However, CE is but one mark and no mark, as is often thought.

Only 9% of the surveyed inverters meet all requirements

From the said research also shows that poor 9% of the surveyed converters but also meets all requirements (measuring technology but also the associated paper). This is according to the authors avery serious but especially worrisome thing.

prevent Radio Interference

To you or your neighbor invest in solar panels, but avoid this kind of radio interference? Requirement than your installer that he has a European supplier for the drive and he realizes that if there is demonstrable EMC complaints arise supplier cooperate fully in order to reach a solution. This means that the solar installation produces minimize EMF, so that radio amateurs and other users of the ether, encounter no problems. One hundred percent free of interference will not be able to succeed in all cases, even in systems that comply with the standards.

Radio amateurs come to the rescue

Do you think that your solar panel installation may be the cause of unexplained malfunction on equipment in your home? Please get in touch with alocal department of the VERON. Radio amateurs there able to help you to see whether your installation does cause interference to radio frequencies.

VERONEMC EMF Commission

Source:http://tinyurl.com/VERON-Solar-Panel-Pollution

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