傳承與創新 Inheritance and Innovation

師父法語

Words of Wisdom

「佛」本身是覺悟的意思。覺者，覺悟的人，他的行為不僅能夠自利，同時也能夠利他。一個覺悟的人，肯定是有自信心的。惠能大師在《壇經》里說：「人雖有南北，佛性本無南北。」「即心元是佛，不悟而自屈。」「菩提般若之智，世人本自有之，只緣心迷，不能自悟。」

The word "Buddha" means enlightenment. An enlightened person is able to benefit both oneself and others; that person must have sufficient confidence. In his Platform Sutra, Master Huineng gave such teachings on enlightenment: "Individuals vary in appearance and habit, but are identical in Buddha nature", "The mind is Buddha indeed, but I humiliate myself by not understanding it" and "The wisdom of enlightenment is inherent in every one of us. It is because of the delusion under which our mind works that we fail to realize it ourselves."

菩提智慧，實際上每個人內心都具足，凡夫因為迷惑、無明煩惱，所以不能覺悟，需要靠善知識、靠法師們為我們點撥。太虛大師曾經說過：「中國的古德每能豪邁不羈，直探諸佛諸聖諸祖的內證心源。」這是非常了不起的。

As delusion prevents us from realizing our inherent wisdom of enlightenment, we have to seek the advice and guidance of enlightened ones before we can know the essence of our mind. The enlightened ones always had the extraordinary capability to "probe into the innermost source of enlightenment of Buddhas, sages and patriarchs," as Master Taixu once commented.

在《毛澤東的佛教文化觀及其當代的價值》這篇文章里談到：關於禪宗六祖的故事，毛澤東對擔任秘書的林克說過許多次，他對惠能評價極高，特別讚賞惠能勇於革新的精神，說他不要教條、不要清規戒律，主張佛性人人皆有，創頓悟成佛說，一方面使繁瑣的佛教簡易化，一方面使印度傳入的佛教中國化。這與毛澤東一生追求變革，把馬克思主義原理同中國革命實踐相結合的性格、思想、行為，有頗多相通之處。

In an article entitled Mao Zedong"s Outlook on Buddhist Culture and Its Contemporary Value, it is narrated that Mao used to tell Master Huineng"s stories to his secretary Lin Ke many times, speaking very highly of Huineng, particularly for his innovative establishment of the theory of sudden awakening to universal Buddha nature beyond precepts and rules, as this theory had not only made the sophisticated Buddhist teaching simpler, but helped the Indian originated tradition to be adapted to the Chinese context. Such innovation was similar in multiple ways to Mao Zedong"s thoughts on the integration of Marxist principles into China"s revolutionary practice and his life-long effort to do so.

釋迦牟尼佛在世時，制定了很多戒律，比丘戒250條，比丘尼戒律340條。到中國之後，祖師們制定了很多清規。實際上，清規跟戒律不太一樣，乃至有些是相反的。比如說印度佛教戒律說出家人不能墾土掘地，不參與農業生產，但到唐代時，馬祖開叢林，百丈立清規，清規里說「一日不作，一日不食」，每天都要去勞動。原因就是因為我們中國以農立國，如果出家人不種地的話，會受到一些人的批評。

Shakyamuni Buddha made 250 precepts for monks and 340 for nuns during his years of teaching. After Buddhism was introduced to China, the Chinese patriarchs established additional monastic rules, some of which were partially inconsistent with or totally contrary to the original precepts. Take farming for example. While the precepts of Indian Buddhism prohibited monks and nuns from land cultivation and planting, Master Mazu Daoyi in the Tang Dynasty innovated by building monasteries as stable sites for Chan practice and Master Baizhang Huaihai in the same period established monastic rules under which daily labor was a must in return for meals. The reason behind this rule was that in such an agricultural country as China, the monastic community would probably receive criticism if they didn"t farm.

在印度是不一樣的，當地的出家人都托缽乞食，諸如此類差別很大。包括寺廟裡的好多禮儀本來都不是戒律里規定的，而是清規里規定的。這些佛門禮儀跟過去儒家的禮制有關係。所以唐代時馬祖開叢林、百丈立清規，是非常重要的佛教制度創新和實踐創新；惠能大師的《六祖壇經》是佛教的理論創新，非常有代表性。

It was different in India where monks and nuns were obliged to beg with their bowls. Similar differences can also be seen in some etiquette terms which were originally written in monastic rules instead of precepts as they were more connected with Confucian rites. As two typical cases, Mazu Daoyi"s temple building and Baizhang Huaihai"s monastic rules are recognized as important institutional and practical innovations, and Huineng"s Platform Sutra as a theoretical innovation, in Buddhism.

來源：學誠大和尚開示《不立文字》

Source: With or Without Words, by Ven. Master Xuecheng

翻譯：北京龍泉寺翻譯中心

Translated by: Beijing Longquan Monastery Translation Center

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