小主播：陳爽 （CynthiaChen）九年級

Immunology免疫學

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology

Age range: High School Students 適合高中學生

Summary:

Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune systemis the parts of the body which work against infection and parasitism by otherliving things. Immunology deals with the working of the immune system in healthand diseases, and with malfunctions of the immune system.

An immune system is present in all plants and animals. Toll-likereceptors can recognize bacteria as "foreign", and are the starting-point forimmune reactions. The type of immunity which is triggered by the toll-likereceptors is called innate immunity.

Vertebrates, and only vertebrates, have a second type ofimmunity. This is called adaptive immunity, because it "remembers" previousinfections. Then, if the same infection occurs again, the reaction is muchstronger and faster.

Types of immunity in vertebrates

The innate immune system is usually means all of the cells andsystems that does not have to be exposed to a particular pathogen before theycan work.

Innate immunity starts with the skin, which is an excellentbarrier to infection.

Adaptive immune response

The adaptive immune system includes cells and systems that dorequire previous exposure to a pathogen. It explains the unique ability of themammalian immune system to remember previous infections and mount a rapid androbust reaction to secondary infections.

Other aspects of immunity

Vaccines boost the acquired immune system by offering weak formsof infection that the body can fight off. The system remembers how to do itagain when a stronger infection happens. If the vaccine works, the body canthen fight off a serious infection.

Errors and weaknesses

Errors of the immune system may cause damage. In autoimmunediseases, the body attacks parts of itself because the system mistakes someparts of the body as "foreign". Some kinds of arthritis are caused this way.

Sometimes serious pathogens slip in because their surface isdisguised as something the host cell walls can accept. That is how viruseswork. Once inside a cell, their genetic material controls the cell. Infectionslike HIV get in this way, and thenattack cells which are the basis of the immune system. Artificial means areoften used to restore immune system function in an HIV-challenged body, andprevent the onset of AIDS.

辭彙：

Immunology 免疫學

immune system 免疫系統

infection感染

diseases 疾病

immune reactions免疫反應

innate immunity 先天免疫

adaptive immunity 適應性免疫

pathogen 病原體

vaccines 疫苗

arthritis關節炎

viruses 病毒

AIDS 艾滋病

免疫學是對免疫系統的研究。免疫系統是抵抗其他生物感染和寄生的身體部位。免疫學涉及免疫系統在健康、疾病狀況下以及免疫系統功能障礙時工作情況。

所有植物和動物都有免疫系統。Toll樣受體可以將細菌識別為「外來的」，這是免疫反應的起點。由Toll樣受體觸發的免疫力類型稱為先天性免疫。

脊椎動物，只有脊椎動物，有第二類型的免疫力。這就是所謂的適應性免疫，因為它能記住以前的感染。那麼，如果再次發生相同的感染，則免疫反應會更強更快。

脊椎動物的免疫力類型

先天免疫系統通常意味著所有的免疫細胞和系統在工作之前不必接觸特定的病原體。先天免疫起始於皮膚，這是對付感染極好的屏障。

適應性免疫反應

適應性免疫系統包括需要先前暴露於病原體的細胞和系統。它解釋了哺乳動物免疫系統記住以前感染的獨特能力，並對二次感染產生快速和強大的反應。

其他方面的免疫性

疫苗通過獲得人體可以抵抗的微弱形式的感染來增強獲得性免疫系統。當發生更強的感染時，該系統記得如何再次起作用。如果疫苗起作用，身體就可以抵抗嚴重的感染。

錯誤和缺陷

免疫系統的錯誤可能會造成損害。在自身免疫性疾病中，身體攻擊自身的一部分，因為系統將身體的某些部分錯誤地認為是「外來的」。有些類型的關節炎就是這樣造成的。

有時候，嚴重的病原體會滑入體內，因為它們的表面偽裝成宿主細胞壁可以接受的東西。這就是病毒如何工作的。一旦進入細胞，他們的遺傳物質就會控制細胞。像艾滋病毒這樣的感染就是以這種方式獲得，然後攻擊作為免疫系統基礎的細胞。人工手段經常被用來恢復艾滋病病毒感染的機體的免疫系統功能，並預防艾滋病的發作。

照片：//immunolo

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