我們的生活距離被人工智慧徹底改變還有多遠？
紐約時報新工作峰會在加利佛尼亞半月灣舉行，由紐約時報執行副主編麗貝卡·布魯門施泰因主持。圖為Salesforce首席執行官馬克·貝尼奧夫周二在會上講話。Mike Cohen for The New York Times
In Phoenix, cars are self-navigating the streets. In many homes, people are barking commands at tiny machines, with the machines responding. On our smartphones, apps can now recognize faces in photos and translate from one language to another.
在菲尼克斯，汽車在街道上自動行駛。在很多民宅里，人們向小巧的機器發號施令，機器則會做出反應。在我們的智能手機上，應用程序現在能夠識別照片中的人臉，並把一種語言翻譯成另一種語言。
Artificial intelligence is here — and it』s bringing new possibilities, while also raising questions. Do these gadgets and services really behave as advertised? How will they evolve in the years ahead? How quickly will they overhaul the way we live and change the way we do business?
人工智慧來了。它帶來了新的可能性，同時也提出了問題。這些小玩意兒和服務的表現真的和廣告里說的一樣嗎？未來幾年它們將如何發展？我們的生活和行事方式離徹底被它改變還有多遠?
The Times is exploring these matters this week at our annual New Work Summit, featuring technology executives, A.I. researchers, investors and others. Here are some of the key moments coming out of the conference, plus a rundown of some of our recent A.I. stories. — Cade Metz
時報正在本周一年一度的新工作峰會(New Work Summit)上探索這些問題。參加峰會的有科技公司高管、人工智慧研究人員和投資者等。下面是這次會議的一些關鍵時刻，以及我們最近的一些人工智慧報道的簡要介紹。——凱德·梅茨(Cade Metz)報道
科大訊飛11月在北京舉行的人工智慧會議上展示的醫療護理機器人。Giulia Marchi for The New York Times
Huawei still eager to do business in the United States
華為仍然渴望在美國做生意
A month after the Chinese electronics giant Huawei suffered a big setback in its quest to sell its high-end smartphones to Americans, the company』s chief for consumer devices, Richard Yu, said he was still optimistic about Huawei』s prospects in the United States.
一個月前，中國電子產品巨頭華為尋求向美國銷售高端智能手機的努力剛剛遭遇重大挫折，如今該公司消費者業務負責人余承東表示，他對華為在美國的前景仍持樂觀態度。
「We have won global consumers』 trust, in over 170 countries,」 Mr. Yu said at the New Work Summit. 「We very strictly protect consumers』 privacy.」
「我們在170多個國家贏得了全球消費者的信任，」余承東在新工作峰會上說。「我們對消費者隱私的保護非常嚴格。」
Huawei is the world』s third-largest seller of smartphones and one of the planet』s biggest suppliers of telecommunications equipment. But it has struggled for years to break into the United States.
華為是全球第三大智能手機銷售商，也是全球最大的電信設備供應商之一。但多年來，華為一直難以打入美國市場。
A 2012 congressional report said that Huawei』s network gear could be used by Beijing to spy on Americans, effectively cutting the company off from big buyers in the United States. In January, after lawmakers reiterated those concerns in a letter to the Federal Communications Commission, AT&T and Verizon walked away from deals to sell Huawei』s latest phones.
2012年的一份國會報告稱華為的網路設備可能被北京用來監視美國人。這份報告實際上讓華為自此無緣美國大買家。1月，在議員們在寫給美國聯邦通信委員會(Federal Communications Commission)的一封信中重申了這些擔憂後，AT&T和威瑞森(Verizon)退出了銷售華為最新款手機的協議。
At the conference on Tuesday, Mr. Yu said that Huawei had no ties to the Chinese government. 「We are a globalized company, just headquartered in China,」 he said. 「We are not part of any government. We have to be a company that is independent from every country.」
在周二的會議上，余承東說華為和中國政府沒有關聯。「我們是一家全球化的公司，只是總部位於中國，」他說。「我們不是任何政府的一部分。我們必須是一家獨立於任何國家之外的公司。」
Huawei would not be able to do business in so many places around the world without that independence, he said. 「If we do something for one government, we will lose the trust of all governments.」 — Raymond Zhong
他說，如果沒有這種獨立性，華為就無法在全球這麼多地方開展業務。「如果為一個政府做事，我們就會失去所有政府的信任。」——雷蒙德·鍾(Raymond Zhong)報道
周二，谷歌首席科學家李飛飛在新工作峰會上強調，人工智慧需要增強而不是削弱人類的能力。Mike Cohen for The New York Times
Should A.I. be more 『human』?
人工智慧應該更「以人為本」嗎？
Fei-Fei Li, a chief scientist at Google and a Stanford professor, has called on technologists to take a more 「human centered」 approach to the creation of artificial intelligence. On Tuesday at the New Work Summit, Ms. Li said that researchers must work to ensure that A.I. embodied human qualities and that it would ultimately operate alongside humans, not replace them.
谷歌(Google)首席科學家兼斯坦福大學(Stanford)教授李飛飛呼籲技術專家用更加「以人為本」的方式對待人工智慧的發明創造。在周二的新工作峰會上，李飛飛說，研究人員必須努力確保人工智慧體現人的品質，並且最終與人類一起行動，而不是取代人類。
「I often tell my students not to be misled by the name 『artificial intelligence』 — there is nothing artificial about it,」 she said. 「A.I. is made by humans, intended to behave by humans and, ultimately, to impact humans lives and human society.」
「我經常告訴我的學生不要被『人工智慧』這個名字誤導，沒什麼是人工的，」她說。「人工智慧是人類創造的，為的是協助人類行為，最終影響人類生活和人類社會。」
At Stanford, Ms. Li was instrumental in the recent rise of 「computer vision」 systems that can recognize people and objects entirely on their own. At Google, she is working to package and sell these and other systems as cloud computing services, delivering the latest A.I. technology to a wide range of businesses.
在斯坦福，李飛飛在「計算機視覺」系統最近的崛起中發揮了重要作用。相關係統能夠完全自動識別人和物品。在谷歌，她正在努力把這些和另一些系統作為雲計算服務打包出售，把最新的人工智慧技術提供給廣泛的企業。
But she said that as Google and other internet giants pushed these techniques forward, academia and the government must help ensure that A.I. evolved into something that enhanced our humanity, created as many jobs as it replaced and operated in safe and predictable ways.
但她說，在谷歌和其他互聯網巨頭推進這些技術的發展時，學術界和政府必須幫助確保人工智慧的發展能夠增強我們人類的能力、在取代舊工作崗位的同時也要創造出同樣多的新崗位，並以安全和可預見的方式運行。
In particular, Ms. Li said, academic institutions can help ensure that computer scientists work alongside social scientists in building this new breed of technology.
李飛飛說，特別是學術機構可以幫助確保計算機科學家和社會科學家共同發展這項新技術。
「A.I. has outgrown its origin in computer science,」 she said.
「人工智慧已經超出了它的計算機科學起源。」她說。
Ultimately, said Ms. Li, who was born in China, A.I. reflects the people who build it more than other technologies do. For that reason and others, she said, A.I. researchers must work in a way that spans not only many industries but many cultures as well.
在中國出生的李飛飛說，人工智慧最終會比其他技術更能反映建造它的人類。她說，由此以及其他原因，人工智慧的研究者必須以一種跨越多個行業和多種文化的方式工作。
「I really believe there are no borders for science,」 she said. — Cade Metz
「我真的相信科學無邊界，」她說。——凱德·梅茨報道
周一，亞馬遜消費者業務首席執行官傑夫·威爾克斯在與布魯門施泰因探討亞馬遜進軍人工智慧的舉措。Mike Cohen for The New York Times
Why American tech companies struggle in China
為什麼美國科技公司在中國舉步維艱？
Tuesday』s first speaker at the New Work Summit was Kai-Fu Lee, who used to lead Google in China and knows a thing or two about American tech giants in China. His prognosis about whether companies like Facebook will ever be able to crack the world』s largest internet market?
紐約時報新工作峰會周二的第一位發言人是李開復，他曾是谷歌中國區的負責人，對在華美國科技巨頭頗有些了解。那麼，他覺得Facebook這樣的公司成功打開世界最大互聯網市場的前景如何？
「The American products are simply uncompetitive in the China market,」 said Mr. Lee, who is now chief executive of Sinovation Ventures, a venture capital firm focused on Chinese technology. Even if internet titans from the United States could operate in China, he said, the local competition means they would have a hard time thriving.
「美國產品在中國市場根本就沒有競爭力，」現任中國科技風投公司創新工場首席執行官的李開復說。他表示，即使來自美國的互聯網巨頭能在中國運營，當地的競爭也會讓他們舉步維艱。
「Messenger is a much worse product than WeChat,」 he said, referring to Facebook』s messaging app and Tencent』s ubiquitous app for chatting, social networking, making payments and other tasks.
「Amazon in China is substantially worse than Taobao, JD and Tmall,」 he said, referring to three leading Chinese e-commerce sites. And, he said, 「Apple Pay is much narrower and much harder to use than WeChat or Alipay.」
「亞馬遜中國遠遠比不上淘寶、京東、天貓，」他說的是中國三大電子商務網站。並且，他還說，「Apple Pay比微信支付或者支付寶的局限大得多，也很不好用。」
Mr. Lee sees other issues that augur against a big Facebook or Google renaissance in China. Multinational companies tend not to hire local managers to lead their China operations. 「They』re not concerned about winning in the local market,」 he said.
李開復還看到了其他會阻止Facebook或谷歌在中國復興的問題。跨國公司往往不會聘請當地的經理來領導公司的中國業務。「他們不關心在當地市場取勝，」他說。
Also, young Chinese these days would rather work for national champions like Alibaba or Tencent. Pitted against Chinese start-ups and big companies, where the hours tend to be long and the work culture cutthroat, the leading lights of American tech would get 「get eaten for lunch.」 — Raymond Zhong
此外，現在中國的年輕人更願意為在阿里巴巴或騰訊這樣在全國範圍內領先的公司工作。中國初創企業和大公司的工作時間長、職場文化殘酷，美國科技業那些巨頭會被它們「當午餐吃掉」。——雷蒙德·鍾報道
麻省理工學院媒體實驗室的喬伊·波蘭維尼發現研究對象的種族和性別會影響面部識別軟體的成功率。Tony Luong for The New York Times
Trump administration silent on A.I.
特朗普政府在人工智慧方面的沉默
Last year, the Chinese government unveiled a plan to become the world leader in artificial intelligence by 2030, vowing to create a domestic industry worth $150 billion. This manifesto read like a challenge to the United States, and in many ways it echoed policies laid down by the Obama administration in 2016.
去年，中國政府公布了到2030年要成為世界人工智慧領導者的計劃，誓言將創造一個價值1500億美元的國內產業。這一宣言聽起來像是對美國下戰書，在很多方面也與奧巴馬政府2016年制定的政策相呼應。
But as China pushes ahead in this area, many experts are concernedthat the Trump administration is not doing enough to keep the United States ahead in the future. Although the big United States internet giants are leading the A.I. race, these experts believe the country as a whole could fall behind if does not do more to nurture research inside universities and government labs. — Cade Metz
但隨著中國在這一領域的不斷推進，許多專家擔心特朗普政府所做的不足以使美國在未來繼續領先。儘管美國的大型互聯網巨頭在人工智慧競賽中領先，但這些專家認為，如果不加大對大學研究和政府實驗室研究的扶持，美國在總體上可能會落後。——凱德·梅茨報道
本文根據時報記者的報道節譯。
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