如慈父般溫和的建築大師——阿爾瓦.阿爾托

最新 03-15

芬蘭珊納特賽羅市政中心｜S?yn?tsalo Town Hall. Image

聚焦：阿爾瓦?阿爾托

Spotlight: Alvar Aalto

由專築網李韌，王帥編譯

阿爾瓦?阿爾托（1898年2月3日–1976年5月11日）是芬蘭現代主義建築的代表人物，以其人道主義的現代建築作品而聞名。，阿爾托的建築作品不僅在芬蘭地區影響深遠，甚至對整個北歐地區都產生了深刻影響，他的天才之處不止在於其建築設計，還包括室內布置，例如傢具、照明、燈具、藝術品等。

As one of the key figures of midcentury Modernism and perhaps Finland"s most celebrated architect, Alvar Aalto (3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was known for his humanistic approach to Modernism. For his characteristically Finnish take on architecture, Aalto has become a key reference point for architecture in the Nordic countries, and his commitment to creating a total work of art left many examples of his design genius not only in buildings but also in their interior features, including furniture, lamps, and glassware design.

via Wikimedia (public domain)

Muuratsalo實驗屋｜Muuratsalo Experimental House. Image Nico Saieh

阿爾托出生於芬蘭中部的Alaj?rvi，在Jyv?skyl?渡過他的童年時光。他從赫爾辛基工業大學畢業後，於1923年在Jyv?skyl?創立了自己的工作室，名為「阿爾瓦?阿爾托——不朽的建築師與藝術家」。其早期作品帶有北歐古典主義的特徵，阿爾托與同是建築師的Aino Marsio結婚後，他們在南歐渡過了他們的蜜月之旅，從那時起，他們開始逐漸對現代主義建築產生了興趣。

Aalto was born in Alaj?rvi in central Finland and raised for most of his young life in Jyv?skyl?. After completing his studies at the Helsinki University of Technology, in 1923 he founded his own practice (named "Alvar Aalto, Architect and Monumental Artist") in Jyv?skyl?. His early works were characteristic examples of Nordic Classicism, but when Aalto married fellow architect Aino Marsio, the pair took their honeymoon in southern Europe where they became more familiar with the work of their Modernist contemporaries.

維堡圖書館｜Viipuri Library. Image Denis Esakov

在30年代早期，現代主義風格對阿爾托的建築作品產生了一定的影響，例如帕米歐療養院和維保市立圖書館等建築都明顯帶有功能主義的特徵。然而，在這個階段，阿爾托的設計作品「始終有著與純粹功能主義相背離的特點」，因為他的作品多了許多的地域性特徵。在30年代晚期，阿爾托的作品開始帶有明顯的個人主義色彩，成為當時北歐最具影響力的建築師，其作品注重材質的表達與現象學策略，直到現在，這些手法在當地的建築作品中仍然隨處可見。

By the early 1930s, this modernist influence found its way into Aalto"s own architecture, with projects such as the Paimio Sanatorium and Viipuri Library making up what is usually referred to as Aalto"s "Functionalist Period." However, even at this stage of his career, Aalto"s design "consistently displays a calculated tendency to depart from pure functionalism" with elements that were more regionally specific. As a result, by the end of the 1930s Aalto"s work had evolved into a more synthetic and personal Modernism. He became one of the first and most influential architects of the Nordic modern movement, laying the foundation for the focus on materiality and the phenomenological approach that can often be seen in architects from the region.

芬蘭珊納特賽羅市政中心｜S?yn?tsalo Town Hall. Image Wikimedia user Zache licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

阿爾托的許多最偉大作品都是公共建築，例如圖書館、市政廳、教堂，其作品S?yn?tsalo市政廳是那座小城鎮上的一座多功能建築。由於其顯著的個人特徵，阿爾托的建築作品並不像柯布西耶或密斯的作品那樣遍布全球，他的大部分建築集中於芬蘭及其周邊的北歐國家。但國外也有少量項目，其中知名度最高的也許是美國麻省理工學院的貝克公寓大樓。

Many of Aalto"s greatest works were public buildings, including libraries, town halls and churches, and his S?yn?tsalo Town Hall is regarded as a masterclass in multipurpose civic architecture for a small town. Due to his more regionally-specific style, Aalto did not work internationally as much as contemporaries like Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe, and most of his buildings were completed in Finland and surrounding North European countries. However he did still complete a number of significant projects abroad, perhaps most notably MIT"s Baker House Dormitory in the United States.

麻省理工學院學生宿舍貝克公寓｜MIT Baker House Dormitory. Image Wikimedia user Daderot licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

阿爾托的作品與本質上的現代主義建築有一些不同，1941年也許是其職業生涯的一大轉折點，知名建築評論家Sigfried Giedion在其現代主義建築的調查研究《空間、時間、建築》中對阿爾托的作品進行了一番評論，但是，他對於現代主義建築的立論也存在著爭議，在1976年出版的著作《Architettura Contemporanea》中，作者Manfredo Tafuri和 Francesco Dal Co也批判阿爾托的作品「有著過分誇張的歷史痕迹」，並且認為他的作品並沒有他所表達的那麼純粹，同時也「不適用於現實世界的發展」。美國建築評論者Kenneth Frampton在其1983年發表的一篇文章「批判的地域主義」（「 Towards a Critical Regionalism」）中表示，阿爾托的S?yn?tsalo市政廳是抵制現代主義建築過於同化的一大代表，Frampton寫道，建築師「很明顯地想要通過表達來平衡建築之間的關係，並且以直觀的方式與當時忽略地域傳統環境的西方建築相抗衡」。

Despite his relative disconnectedness from the rest of the Modernist movement, Aalto"s reputation was sealed in 1941, when his work was prominently featured in architectural critic Sigfried Giedion"s seminal survey of modernist architecture Space, Time and Architecture. However, his inclusion in the Modernist canon was not without controversy; in their 1976 book Architettura contemporanea, Manfredo Tafuri and Francesco Dal Co argued that his works" "historical significance has perhaps been rather exaggerated," and that they were little more than "masterful distractions, not subject to reproduction outside the remote reality in which they have their roots." A more nuanced view of Aalto"s architecture emerged in Kenneth Frampton"s 1983 essay Towards a Critical Regionalism, in which Aalto"s S?yn?tsalo Town Hall is cited as an example of architecture that resists the homogenization of Modernism. In its tactility, writes Frampton, it "endeavors to balance the priority accorded to the image, and to counter the Western tendency to interpret the environment in exclusively perspectival terms."