中國首次!成立官方國際奧林匹克哲學項目
轉自:澎湃新聞
哲學園鳴謝
2018年3月20日,國際哲學奧林匹克競賽上海項目組委會簽約儀式在上海舉行。 國際哲學奧林匹克競賽上海項目組委會 供圖
3月20日,國際哲學奧林匹克競賽上海項目組委會簽約儀式舉行。今後由上海市校外教育協會、上海社會科學院哲學研究所、粵嶺體育文化發展(上海)有限公司、上海市虹口區青少年活動中心四方協作,在對有興趣的高中學生中開展基於國際哲學奧林匹克的學生課外哲學社團(興趣小組)、哲學IP、哲學課程建設、課程培訓(師生)、夏冬令營集訓、參加區域及國際賽事學生選拔等各項活動。
據上海社會科學院哲學研究所黨總支書記黃凱峰介紹,國際哲學奧林匹克(IPO)是一項面向全世界中學生的哲學競賽,由聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)支持管理,國際哲學團體聯合會(FISP)主辦,是國際科學奧林匹克的一項賽事。
該賽事設立於1993年,已舉辦25屆,大多在歐洲國家舉辦,亞洲國家只有日本和韓國做過主辦國。參賽成績比較好的也多是歐洲國家,但近年來亞洲國家也開始取得好成績。
賽事規定,參賽國家各派出兩名學生(高中學生)參賽,主辦國可以派出十名。競賽時間一般為4至5天。比賽擬4個題目,參賽者從中選一,在4小時內以英文、法文、德文或西班牙文作論文一篇,但不能是其母語或其國家的官方語言。論文由隨隊導師和國際哲學團體聯合會的代表共同評核。比賽設有金獎、銀獎、銅獎、優異獎。
據黃凱峰介紹,中國迄今參加哲學奧林匹克競賽的學生選手只有四屆6人,但近2年多來,這項國際賽事在國內的關注度正在提升。2017年第25屆IPO在荷蘭鹿特丹舉行,中國去了兩名高二學生,一名來自上海,一名在美國讀書,分獲30多名和50多名(參賽者共90多名)。上海這名學生2018年已被美國埃默里大學(美國排名前20)錄取。2018年5月,第26屆IPO將在歐洲黑山舉行,國內自由報名學生有20-30名,其中有若干上海學生。
附錄
歷屆試題(1993-2009)
(2011-2017試題見今日第二篇文章)
2009 (Finland)
I. 「If, then, there is some end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake (everything else being desired for the sake of this), and if we do not choose everything for the sake of something else (for at that rate the process would go on to infinity, so that our desire would be empty and vain), clearly this must be the good and the chief good.」
(Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics)
I.「那麼,如果我們所做的事有某種目的,而我們只為了這目的本身而期望達到這個目的(我們所期望的所有其他都是為了這個目的);如果我們選擇一樣東西,我們的選擇是為了這個東西本身,而不是其他別的什麼(如果是為了其他別的什麼,那麼,這個過程就會無限延續,我們慾望就會變得空虛、無結果),顯然,這肯 定是善,最高的善。」(亞里士多德,《尼各馬可倫理學》)
II. In accordance with reason there is only one way that states in relation with one another can leave the lawless condition, which involves nothing but war; it is that, like individual human beings, they give up their savage (lawless) freedom, accommodate themselves to public coercive laws, and so form an (always growing) state of nations (civitas gentium) that would finaly encompass all the nations of the earth.
(Immanuel Kant, Toward Perpetual Peace)
II.「依照理性,只有一種辦法能使相互關聯的城邦出離這種無法無天的狀態,這種狀態只會導致戰爭;這辦法就是:像人類個體一樣,這些城邦放棄他們野蠻未開化(無法無天)的自由,使它們自己適應於大家共同遵守的、強制性的律法;由此形成一種(總在增長的)諸多國家共存的狀態,這種狀態最終將會囊括世界上所 有的國家。」(康德,《永久和平論》)
III. Must a work of art be beautiful in order to be a work of art, or many a work of art be ugly as well? If the later is possible, why should we take interest in it?
III.要成為藝術品,一件藝術品必須是美的嗎?或者說,一件藝術品可不可以也是丑的?如果第二種情況是可能的,為什麼我們要對這樣一件藝術品感興趣?
IV. It is not just the existence of God, but rather the very coherence of the idea of God, that is problematic.
IV.不僅上帝的存在令人生疑,而且有關上帝的理念如此緊緻連貫也令人生疑。
2008
身份和身體是同一的嗎?
在民主體制中,人們似乎可以為所欲為 -- 這是真的;但政治自由根本不在於為所欲為。(孟德斯鳩,《論法的精神》)
沒有一種勢力涉及到所有人,這樣的地方就沒有律法;沒有律法的地方,就沒有不公正。(霍布斯,《利維坦》)
當其他人的行為和生活跟他所認為的正當相抵牾的時候,一個自由的人必須能容忍這種情況。他必須使自己擺脫這樣一種習慣,那就是只要有什麼事不讓他感到快活,他就馬上叫警察。(米塞斯,《古典傳統中的自由主義(自由與繁榮的國度)》)
2007 (Turkey)
It follows, plainly, from the explanation given above, of the foundation of state, the ultimate aim of government is not to rule, or restrain, by fear, nor to exact obedience, but contrariwise, to free every man from fear, that he may live in all possible security; in other words, the strengthen his natural right to exist and work, without injury to himself and others.
Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise, chapter XX
從以上解釋可以作出如下推論,作為國家的基礎,政府治理的終極目的不是用恐懼去統治、或者限制人們,也不是強求人們服從,而是正相反,其終極目的是每個人都從恐懼中解脫,那就是說,在所有可能的方面,每個人都生活在安全中;換而言之,就是強化他生存和工作的自然權利。(斯賓諾莎,《神學政治論》)
There are two things, that fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe… – the starry sky above me and the moral law within me.
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, Conclusion
有兩樣東西使我腦中充滿了永遠簇新的、不斷增強的仰慕和敬畏... -- 我頭頂的星空和我心中的道德律法。(康德,《實踐理性批判》)
Topic 3.
Space is not in the subject , nor is the world in space.
Martin Heidegger, Being and Time
空間不是主體,存在於空間中的世界也不是主體。(海德格爾,《存在與時間》)
Topic 4.
And for this reason justice is regarded as the highest of all virtues,… and as the proverb has it, 「In justice every virtue is summed up.」 It is complete virtue and excellence in the fullest sense, because it is the practise of complete virtue. It is complete because he who possesses it can make use of his virtue not only by himself but also in his relations with his fellow men.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
因此,公正被看作是所有德行中最高的,....就像那句格言所說,「在公正中,所有美德都被總和起來了。」它是完滿的德行和極致的卓越,因為它是完滿德行的實際運用。它是完滿的,因為擁有它的人不但能夠自己運用他的德行,而且能在他與其他人的關係中運用它。(亞里士多德,《尼各馬可倫理學》)
2006 (Italy)
For a large classes of cases – though not for all – in which we employ the word 「meaning」 it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
在很多情況下 -- 雖然不是在所有情況下 -- 我們所使用的「意義」一詞可以這樣定義:一個詞的意義是它在語言中的用法。(維特根斯坦)
To know a thing we must love it, and to love a thing we must know it.
Kitaro Nishida
要了解一樣東西,我們必須愛它;要愛一樣東西,我們必須了解它。(西田幾多郎)
哲學家們只是用不同的方式解釋世界,問題在於改變世界。(馬克思)
簡而言之,人的行為從來不是自由的;它們總是他的脾性所導致的必然結果、他所接受的觀點導致的必然結果;也是那些或真或偽的概念導致的必然結果 -- 他依仗這些概念來理解快樂;也是他所持有的意見導致的必然結果,這些意見被榜樣、教育、日常經驗所強化。(霍爾巴赫)
2005 (Poland)
If I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope l should have the guts to betray my country.
E.M.Forste
如果我必須在背叛我的國家和背叛朋友之間做選擇,我希望我該擁有背叛我的國家的勇氣。(愛德華·摩根·福斯特)
Today, the truth is dispersed across many universes of discourse which can no longer be arranged in a hierarchy. However, in each of these discourses, we search tenaciously for insights that can convince all.」
Jürgen Habermas
當今,真理分散在很多話語體系中,這些話語體系不再能被安排成一種高下的等級關係。然而,在任何一個這樣的話語中,我們都在頑強地尋找能夠說服所有人的卓識和洞見。(尤爾根·哈貝馬斯)
Hedonism, pessimism, utilitarism, eudemonism – all these systems that measure the value of things taking into account the pleasure or pain that go along with them, that is to say, according to any non-core condition or facts, ar? seen as if they do not go in depth and being naive. Any man with his constructive faculty in place and a conscience of an artist, can only regard this with irony and pity from a distance.」
Friedrich Nietzsche
享樂主義、悲觀主義、實用主義、快樂說 -- 在估量事物價值的時候,這些體系都考慮到伴隨這些事物而來的快感或痛感,那就是說,這些體系所依照的是所有那些非核心的條件或事實,[由此]它們被看做不夠深刻、天真幼稚。任何具有建設性的心智情感的人,任何具有藝術家良知的人,都只能帶著反諷和悲憫,在一定 距離之外來看這種現象。(尼采)
Language is a labyrinth of paths. You approach from one side and know your way about; you approach the same place from another side and no longer know your way about』.」
Ludwig Wittgenstein
語言是一個諸多路徑的迷宮。從一個方向來,你知道路;從另一個方向來到同一個地方,你就不再知道路了。(維特根斯坦)
2004 (South Korea)
The decisive argument which is employed by common sense against freedom consists in reminding us of our impotence. Far from being able to modify our situation at our whim, we seem to be unable to change ourselves. I am not 「free」 either to escape the lot of my class, of my nation, of my family, or even to build up my own power or my fortune or to conquer my most insignificant appetites or habits.
Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness
常識所用來反對自由的一個重要觀點在於它提醒我們一無所能。我們做不到隨心所欲地改變我們的境況;正相反,我們似乎連我們自己都沒有能力改變。我不是自由 的 -- 連逃脫我的階級、國家、家庭對我的命定,我都不是自由的;積攢我自己的力量或運道,我也不是自由的;克服最微不足道的口腹之慾或習慣,我也不是 自由的。(薩特,《存在與虛無》)
The will to truth requires critique – let us define our task in this way – the value of truth must for once, by way of experiment, be called into question …
Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals, 3-24
必須批判地反思對真理的希求 -- 讓我們這樣來定義我們所要做的:這一次,真理的價值必須經由實驗而受到質疑...(尼采,《論道德的譜系》)
In fact, history does not belong to us, but we belong to history.
Hans-Georg Gadamer: Truth and Method, 1989事實上,歷史不屬於我們,而是我們屬於歷史。(漢斯-格奧爾格·伽達默爾,《真理與方法》)
Does science need philosophy?
科學需要哲學嗎?
2003 (Argentina)
The laws of conscience, which we pretend to be derived from nature, proceed from custom.
Michel de Montaigne, Essais, 1595, chapitreXXII
良知的法則從習俗而來,我們虛偽地宣稱它們得自於天性。(蒙田,《隨筆集》)
The maxims of the philosophers on the conditions under which public peace is possible shall be consulted by states which are armed for war.
(I. Kant, Perpetual Peace)
關於公共領域的和平在哪些條件下之為可能,哲學家提出了相關定理;為從事戰爭而裝備起來的城邦應該參照這些定理來吸取信息和得到指導。(康德,《永久和平論》)
The existence of this inclination to aggression, which we can detect in our selves and justly assume to be present in others, is the factor which disturbs our relations with our neighbour and which forces civilisation into such a high expenditure of energy. In consequence of this primary mutual hostility of human beings, civilised society is perpetually threatened with disintegration.
Freud, Civilisation and its Discontents
我們能在自己身上察覺到這種進攻性,我們有充分理由假定其他人[也]有這種進攻性;這種進攻性影響我們與鄰居的關係,使人類文明別無選擇,而必須付出如此 高昂的能量消耗。這種與生俱來的、人與人之間的相互敵視使文明社會無時不處在解體的威脅下。(佛洛依德,《文明及其缺憾》)
2002 (Japan)
So you would have us qualify our former notion of the just man by an addition. We then said it was just to do good to a friend and evil to an enemy, but now we are to add that it is just to benefit the friend if he is good and harm the enemy if he is bad?
Plato, Republic
那麼,你想要我們對我們先前對公正的人所下的定義加一個補充。我們先前說,對朋友行善舉,對敵人行惡事,這樣是公正的;可是現在,我們要加上說:如果朋友是好人,對他行善舉是公正的,如果敵人是壞人,對他行惡事是公正的? (柏拉圖,《理想國》)
Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
George Santayana 1863-1952, The Life of Reason, ch.12
那些不能牢記過去的人註定會使過去重複發生。(喬治·桑塔耶拿,《理性生活》)
But to be able to say that a point is black or white, I must first know under what conditions a point is called white or black; in order to be able to say: 「p」 is true (or false), I must have determined under what conditions I call 「p」 true, and thereby determine the sense of the proposition.
L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico Philosphicus
但是,要能夠說一個點是黑色或白色,我必須首先知道在什麼條件下,一個點被稱作白色或黑色;為了能夠說:「p」為真(或為偽),我必須確切知道在什麼條件下,我稱「p」為真,並由此來確定這個提議的意思。(維特根斯坦,《邏輯哲學論》)
It is another paradox, but God as the true absolute must be Satan too. Only then can God be said to be truly omniscient and omnipotent. [?|] The absolute God must include absolute negation within himself, and must be the God who descends into ultimate evil.
Nishida Kitaro,1870-1945, Last Writing – Nothingness and the Religious Worldview
這是又一個弔詭命題,但作為真實的絕對存在,上帝必須也是撒旦。只有這樣,上帝才能被稱為是真的全知全能。[...]絕對性的上帝必須在其自身中包含全然否定,必須是那個陷入終極的惡的上帝。(西田幾多郎,《虛無和宗教的世界觀》)
2001 (USA)
The laws of conscience, which we pretend to be derived from nature, proceed from custom [?|].
Michel de Montaigne: Essais. 1595, chapter XXII
良知的法則從習俗而來,我們虛偽地宣稱它們得自於天性。(蒙田,《隨筆集》)
If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.
K.R.Popper: The Open Society and its Enemies. Vol.I. Routledge, London 1945, p. 265
如果我們把無限制的寬容延展,使它甚至適用於那些不寬容的人;如果我們不做好準備對抗不寬容者的攻擊,維護一個寬容的社會,那麼,寬容者將被消滅,隨之寬容也被消滅。(卡爾·波普爾,《開放社會及其敵人》)
I just had to consult myself about what I want to do, everything I feel to be good is good, everything I feel to be bad is bad?
Rousseau
我只須問我自己我想要做什麼,每樣我憑感覺認為好的就是好的,每樣我憑感覺認為壞的就是壞的...(盧梭)。
Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition, which is called war; and such a war as is of every man, against every man.
Hobbes, Leviathan, Ch. XIII
由此,顯而易見,當沒有一種勢力涉及到所有人,使他們全都心存敬畏,他們就處於那種被稱之為戰爭的狀態;在這種狀態中,人人彼此為敵。(霍布斯,《利維坦》)
2000 (Germany)
Time is not something which exists of itself [...]. Time is, therefore, a purely subjective condition of (human) intuition [...] and in itself, apart from the subject, it is nothing.
Immanuel Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, B 49 A33 / B 51 A35
時間不是某種自足自主存在的東西[...]。因此,時間是一種屬於(人類)直覺的、純粹主觀的狀態 [...];離開了主體,時間什麼都不是。(康德,《純粹理性批判》)
The passing from the state of nature to civil society produces a remarkable change in man; it puts justice as a rule of conduct in the place of instinct, and gives his actions the moral quality they previously
lacked.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract
從自然狀態過渡到文明社會,這個過程在人身上導致了一種重要變化;它把公正作為一種行為法則,來替代本能的位置,這賦予人的行為一種前所未有的道德性質。(盧梭,《社會契約論》)
A process which led from the amoeba to man appeared to the philosophers to be obviously a progress – though whether the amoeba would agree with this opinion is not known.
Bertrand Russell
從單細胞變形蟲到人類這樣一個過程,在哲學家眼中顯然是一種進步 -- 雖然我們無法獲知單細胞變形蟲是否會同意這種看法。(羅素)
All men naturally desire knowledge.
Aristotle, The Metaphysics, Book I. 980a
所有人類依其本性都渴望知識。(亞里士多德,《形而上學》)
1999 (Hungary)
It is impossible to conceive anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except a good will.
Immanuel Kant
我們不可能構想出哪怕一件東西是本身為善,而不需要任何界定的。在這個世界,或者即使在這個世界之外,我們都不可能構想出哪怕一件這樣的東西。只除了善意。(康德)
Desire is the essence of the human being.
Benedictus Spinoza
慾望是人之為人的本質(斯賓諾莎)
What we call 『laws』 are hypotheses or conjectures which always form a part of some larger system of theories and which, therefore, can never be tested in isolation.
Karl R. Popper
我們所稱之為「規律」的都是假設或猜測,這些假設或猜測總是某個更大的理論體系的一部分,因此,它們永遠都不能孤立地被證實為真或為偽。(卡爾·波普爾)
Is knowledge power?
知識是力量嗎?
1998 (Romania)
Tatsachlich haben wir zwei Arten von Moral nebeneinander: eine, die wir predigen, aber nicht praktizieren, und eine andere, die wir praktizieren, aber selten predigen.
B. Russell
Wir sehen die Welt so, wie wir sie sehen wollen.
Schopenhauer
Der Mensch wird durch die anderen geschaffen.
Montaigne
Ubrigens ist mir alles verhaert, was mich bloss belehrt, ohne meine Tatigkeit zu vermehren oder unmittelbar zu beleben.
Goethe
1997 (Poland)
1.s philosophy a science?
哲學是一種科學嗎?
2. Der Kunstler laernt uns durch sein Auge in die Welt blicken.
Schopenhauer
3. Justice without force is powerless, force without justice is tyrannical.
Pascal
沒有強制力的公義是無能為力的;缺乏公義的強制力是暴虐的、壓迫性的。(帕斯卡爾)
4. The idea that one should seek the truth for its own sake doesn』t make sense to us pragmatists. We cannot regard the truth as the aim of an investigation. The aim of an investigation is rather to come to an agreement between people about what to do and about the intended ends as well as the means, which we can realize these ends with. [...] All the descriptions we can give of things are descriptions which conform with our ends. [...] All we have to know is whether there are competing descriptions which are more useful to our purposes.
Richard Rorty: Relativism: To discover and to invent. In: Information Philosophie 1/1997, p. 14-16
為真理本身而尋求真理,這樣的觀點在我們實用主義者看來難以理解。我們研究一件事,其目的不能被看做是為了發現真理。相反,其目的是為了人們能達成一致 -- 關於該做什麼,想要達到什麼結果,以及藉什麼手段達到這些結果。[...]我們能對事物作出的描述都是與我們的目的性相一致的。[...]我們 所必須知曉的只是是否存在與這種描述相抵牾的、對實現我們的目的更有用的描述。(理查德·羅蒂,《相對主義:發現與發明》)
1996 (Turkey)
Nothing is true, everything is permitted…
Nietzsche
沒有什麼是千真萬確的,任何事情都有發生的可能。(尼采)
The evil in the world originates always from ignorance, and good will may cause as much damage as malice, if it is not enlightened.
Camus
這個世界的邪惡總是源於無知;如果不是被賦予知識和洞察力,善意可以導致與惡意所導致的等量的傷害。(加繆)
The limits of your language are the limits of your world.
Wittgenstein
你語言的界限就是你生活現實的界限。(維特根斯坦)
So act that you treat humanity in your person, as well as in the person of every other human being, also as a goal, never as a means.
Kant
那麼請依此行動:把你自身的人性,以及所有其他人身上的人性作為一種目的,而永遠不要作為一種手段來對待。(康德)
1995 (Bulgaria)
Everyone is someone else and no one is himself.
M. Heidegger
每個人都是一個別的、跟他自己不同的人,沒有人是他自己。(海德格爾)
Actually it is impossible for us to consider ourselves non-existent.
M. Unamuno
實際上,要認為我們自己不存在是不可能的。(烏納穆諾)
Should we start from the premise that one is totally forbidden to do injustice, or should we consider that under some circumstances that is permitted?
Plato
我們是否應該立足於這樣一個前提: 無論在何種情形下,一個人都不允許做不公正的事;或者,我們是否應該認為不公正的事在某些情形下是被允許的?(柏拉圖)
To be a philosopher means to travel all the time; questions in philosophy are more essential than answers.
K. Jaspers
做一個哲學家意味著無時無刻都在旅行;哲學中的問題比這些問題的答案對哲學更加不可或缺。(雅斯貝爾斯)
1994 (Bulgaria)
Der Mensch ist fur den Menschen ein 「Gott」.
Spinoza
Wo ist die Zeit geblieben? Bin ich nicht in einen tiefen Brunnen gefallen? Die Welt schlaft.
Nietzsche
Wenn Beine und Arme einen eigenen Willen hatten, waren sie nicht (in der Lage der) Glieder geblieben.
Pascal
1993 (Bulgaria)
Home is far more a state of mind than landscape.
G. Bachelard
與風物景色相較,家鄉更是一種心智情感狀態。(巴什拉)
Children are antiquities.
G. Bachelard
孩童是歷史悠久、存續至今的古物。(巴什拉)
Everything we see could be otherwise.
Wittgenstein
我們所見的每樣東西都可能與我們所見的不同。(維特根斯坦)
Without 「now」 there wouldn』t be time and without time there wouldn』t be 「now」.
Aristotle
沒有「當前眼下」就不會有時間;沒有時間就不會有「當前眼下」。(亞里士多德)
※進化理論能否證明利他主義真的存在?
※意義如何湧現於形式系統
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