What does 2 to 3 mg Tetrodotoxin Mean？2-3毫克的河魨毒素意味著什麼？

Tetrodotoxi

河魨毒素

Poisoning from consumption of members of the family tetraodontidae (pufferfish) – i.e., pufferfish poisoning – is one of the most dangerous intoxications from marine species. There are approximately 185 species of pufferfish worldwide, and they occur in both freshwater and marine environments.

食用魨科（河豚魚）魚類中毒，即河豚魚中毒，是海洋物種最危險中毒中的一種。全球大約有185種河豚魚，在淡水和海水環境中均有存在。

Several of these species are consumed throughout the world, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, such as Japan, where pufferfish hold great cultural significance.

這些物種中有幾種在世界各地被食用，特別是印度-太平洋地區，如日本，那裡的河豚魚具有重大的文化意義。

In several species, the gonads (mainly ovary), liver, intestines, and skin can contain levels of tetrodotoxin sufficient to produce rapid death. In a few species, the flesh naturally contains enough toxin to be lethal, if consumed.

在好幾個物種中的性腺（主要是卵巢）、肝、腸和皮可含有足以快速致死的河魨毒素。少數幾個物種的肉質天然含有足夠致死的毒素。

GIF

Facts 事實

Mortality

死亡率

Death is from respiratory-muscle paralysis and usually occurs within4 to 6 hours, with a known range of about 20 minutes to 8 hours.

死亡是由於呼吸肌麻痹導致的，通常在4～6小時內發生，已知的時間範圍是20分鐘到8小時。

Lethal dose

致死劑量

The minimum lethal dose in humans is estimated to be2 to 3 mg(1/500 of a gram).

人類最小致死劑量估計為2～3毫克。

Onset

發病

The first symptom of intoxication is a slight numbness of the lips and tongue, typically appearing between20 minutes to 3 hoursafter ingestion, depending on the ingested dose. With higher doses, symptoms can start within minutes.

中毒的第一個癥狀是嘴唇和舌頭輕微麻木，一般在攝食後20分鐘到3小時之間，這取決於攝入量。如果攝入的量較大，癥狀會在數分鐘內開始出現。

Illness / complications

疾病/併發症

Tetrodotoxin acts on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. After the initial slight oral numbness, the next symptom is increasing paraesthesia in the face and extremities, which may be followed by sensations of lightness or floating. Headache, epigastric pain, nausea, diarrhea, and/or vomiting may occur. Occasionally, some reeling or difficulty in walking may occur.

河魨毒素作用於中樞和外周神經系統。在最初輕微的口腔麻木之後，下一個癥狀是面部和四肢的感覺異常增強，接下來可能會感到輕飄飄或漂浮的感覺。可能出現頭痛、上腹痛、噁心、腹瀉和/或嘔吐。偶爾，可能會出現眩暈或行走困難。

The second stage of the intoxication includes progressive paralysis.Many victims are unable to move; even sitting may be difficult. There is increasing respiratory distress. Speech is affected, and the victim usually exhibits dyspnea, cyanosis, and hypotension. Paralysis increases, and convulsions, mental impairment, and cardiac arrhythmia may occur. The victim, although completely paralyzed, may be conscious and, in some cases, completely lucid until shortly before death.

中毒的第二階段包括進行性麻痹。許多患者無法動彈，甚至坐下來都有困難。呼吸窘迫不斷加重。言語受到影響，患者通常表現為呼吸困難、發紺和低血壓。隨著麻痹加重，可能出現抽蓄、精神萎靡和心律失常。中毒者雖然完全癱瘓，但意識可能保持清醒。有些患者直到死亡前不久意識還是完全清醒。

There is no antidote for TTX poisoning, and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Patients who receive ventilatory support recover fully, in most cases.

河魨毒素中毒沒有解毒藥，治療是對症和支持治療。在大多數情況下，接受輔助呼吸治療的患者能完全康復。

（來源：美國食品藥品監督局 Bad Bug Book）

（感謝世界衛生組織新發傳染病監測研究與培訓合作中心陳偉師博士提供專業指導）

統籌：寧可兒

製作：曦檬子

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