Facebook數據隱私危機將如何影響金融科技產業發展？

今年年初，媒體紛紛預測臉書和谷歌將在新開放銀行規則實施後進軍銀行業，後者要求銀行和支付公司在客戶同意的情況下與第三方分享數據。

這一規則變化本意是增加賬戶轉換並幫助客戶對比價格，但一些人士認為可能會帶來意料外結果，科技巨頭將藉此進軍英國主流金融行業。

臉書的"Pay by Messenger"和谷歌錢包之前在英國進展艱難，但很快這一局面就將改變。一些評論人士認為，臉書會成為首個"大品牌銀行"，並認為其有可能成為"銀行業的未來"。

埃森哲2017年初的一項全球調查顯示，如果谷歌、亞馬遜或連輸提供金融服務，約三分之一的銀行和保險客戶願意考慮將自己的賬戶從傳統金融機構轉出。

然而，如今一切都變了？就因為一個名字：Cambridge Analytica。

最近，Cambridge Analytica醜聞的曝光迅速演變成了臉書的一場生存危機，導致其股價劇跌、Mark Zuckerberg參與兩天國會聽證。

臉書股價目前穩定了下來，但信任對於金融服務來說十分重要，而且公眾能否再信任Zuckerberg仍是個問題。

政府數據顯示，Fintech目前對英國經濟的貢獻量為66億英鎊，而到2035年，僅人工智慧一項就將再帶來6300億英鎊的產業增加值。

但要保護這些增長點，我們必須認識並回應臉書醜聞帶來的威脅，因為它對Fintech的影響將比目前處於輿論核心的政治影響更有長期重要性。

據了解，目前人們對於臉書的信任已經大幅度下降。Ponemon機構2017年針對美國用戶的一項調查顯示，79%的受訪者同意"臉書致力於保護我個人信息中的隱私。"現在只有27%這麼認為。我認為英國的調查結果應相似。

標普1月預測，亞馬遜、臉書和谷歌在短期不會對全球銀行造成威脅。現在看來，這一預測無比正確。但對於這三家公司"可以利用強大的科技基礎和網路，長期可能阻礙傳統銀行的支付服務收益"的期待是否成真，這無疑將取決於科技巨頭如何重新建立他們在數據隱私方面的信譽。

矽谷巨頭對fintech產業的影響將直接影響後續整個fintech產業的發展。我認為這對創企的衝擊比傳統銀行更大，後者正慢慢地正視Fintech的市場影響並享有更高程度的信任。

2017年10月另一項來自埃森哲的調查顯示，由於隱私原因，大多數英國人（63%）不願意改變現有銀行服務、接受更開放的服務，但這也恰好說明，傳統銀行也是落實fintech模式的一個理想場所，因為用戶對傳統銀行的信任度更高。但值得注意的時，傳統銀行複雜的運作系統仍將給其數字化革新帶來不小的挑戰。

所以說，臉書醜聞事件再一次為我們敲響了警鐘，fintech行業未來必須要加強、甚至以多倍的努力來加強數據隱私保護。

英文原文

The year began with headlines predicting the entrance of Facebook and Google into the banking market, following the introduction of new Open Banking rules which forced banks and payment companies to share data with third parties if customers agreed.

The changes were meant to boost account switching and improve price comparison, but some speculated that an unintended consequence of the new rules would be to lure the tech giants into mainstream finance in the UK.

Facebook』s Pay by Messenger and Google Wallet have struggled to gain headway in Britain, but this was predicted to change. Some commentators wrote about Facebook becoming the first 「big-brand bank」, describing it as 「the future of banking」.

A global survey at the beginning of 2017 by Accenture found that roughly a third of banking and insurance customers would consider switching their accounts to Google, Amazon, or Facebook if they offered financial services.

So what has changed? Two words: Cambridge Analytica.

The recent exposé of Cambridge Analytica rapidly morphed into an existential crisis for Facebook, resulting in its stock price plummeting and a cringing two-day congressional hearing for Mark Zuckerberg.

Facebook』s shares have recovered somewhat, but trust is important in financial services, and the question about whether the public can trust Zuckerberg remains.

Last week, Atos published a useful opinion paper on its Digital Vision for Financial Services. With over 100,000 employees in 73 countries and an annual revenue of €13bn, it is a global leader in digital transformation and a catalyst for fintech across the world.

At the launch of the report, there was a consensus around the importance of fintech and a genuine excitement about its potential. According to government figures, it currently contributes ￡6.6bn annually to the UK economy, and artificial intelligence alone could add a further ￡630bn by 2035.

But to protect this jewel in our crown, we must recognise and respond to the threat posed by the Facebook scandal, which emerged after the Atos report was sent to the printers. The impact on fintech will be of longer lasting importance than the political fallout which currently dominates the headlines.

Trust in Facebook has collapsed spectacularly. According to a 2017 survey of US users for the Ponemon Institute, 79 per cent agreed with the statement 「Facebook is committed to protecting the privacy of my personal information」. Now it is just 27 per cent. And I suspect UK results would be similar.

So the prediction by ratings agency S&P in January that the likes of Amazon, Facebook and Google will not pose a threat to global banks in the short term will now undoubtedly prove to be accurate. But the forecast that 「they could leverage their strong customer bases and networks to potentially constrain traditional banks』 payment services revenues in the longer term」 will surely depend on how successful the tech giants are at rebuilding their data privacy credentials.

The overall damage to the fintech sector will depend on the extent to which people』s specific concerns about the Silicon Valley giants tarnish their view of fintech more generally. I suspect it will hit startups harder than the established banks, which are slowly beginning to take fintech more seriously and enjoy greater levels of trust.

Another Accenture survey, from October 2017, found that privacy concerns would prevent a majority of Brits (53 per cent) from changing their banking habits to take up more open services, but it also suggested that established banks were best placed to capitalise on fintech, based on their higher trust scores from customers.

That said, the big banks have been slower off the blocks than the challenger banks, partly because of their more complex legacy systems.

What is clear after the Facebook scandal is that fintech needs to redouble its efforts on data privacy.

譯者：潘妍媛

來源：CITY A.M.

清華大學五道口金融學院互聯網實驗室成立於2012年4月，是中國第一家專註於互聯網金融領域研究的科研機構。

專業研究 |商業模式 ? 政策研究 ? 行業分析

內容平台 |未央網?"互聯網金融"微信公眾號iefinance

喜歡這篇文章嗎？立刻分享出去讓更多人知道吧！