在歷史遺迹面前，我們應如何思考當代社會問題？

V&A博物館在威尼斯建築雙年展上展出了羅賓漢花園遺址

V&A unveils huge section of demolished Robin Hood Gardens at Venice Architecture Biennale

在今年的威尼斯建築雙年展上，V&A博物館把一個野獸派住宅搬運到義大利，參觀遊客將有幸漫步在倫敦羅賓漢花園的「天空的街道」。

作為羅賓漢花園展覽的展示品：這個倒置的廢墟是1974年由建築師Alison和Peter Smithson建造的著名野獸派莊園的一套公寓的正面，而現在已經被拆的只剩一半了。

結構的各個部分由Arup工程設計的複雜的腳手架系統固定。這樣，雙年展的遊客就可以爬上其中一條凸起的人行道，這是設計的一個亮點。

Visitors to the Venice Architecture Biennale can walk the "streets in the sky" of London"s Robin Hood Gardens, as the V&A museum has shipped a huge chunk of the brutalist housing estate to Italy.

As the showpiece of the exhibition Robin Hood Gardens: A Ruin in Reverse, the fragment is the facade of one flat from the famous brutalist estate, which was built by architects Alison and Peter Smithson in 1974, but which is now midway through demolition.

The various elements of the structure are held in place by a complex scaffolding system, devised by Arup engineers. This makes it possible for biennale visitors to climb up onto one of the raised walkways that were a key feature of the design.

在威尼斯建築雙年展上，V&A博物館展示了羅賓漢花園廢墟的一部分／The V&A is showing part of the demolished Robin Hood Gardens at the Venice Architecture Biennale

在2017年12月，羅賓漢花園在開始拆除前不久，V&A宣布將收購其中的一部分，也是這次展出的內容之一，專門為威尼斯雙年展而作。博物館還把所有的部件重新組裝成一套一居室的公寓。

目前還沒有公布這個廢墟會何時向公眾開放。但是建築物已經安裝了準備開放時使用的模塊化傢具，以及混凝土的結構和外觀裝飾。

The V&A announced that it was acquiring part of Robin Hood Gardens shortly before demolition started in December 2017. As well as this section, which was extracted specifically to exhibit in Venice, the museum has also taken all the components to reassemble an entire one-bedroom flat.

It has not been announced when this larger fragment will be revealed to the public. But it will contain the modular furnishings installed when the building first opened, as well as the concrete structure and facade.

混凝土面板安裝在由Arup工程設計的腳手架系統上／The concrete facade pieces are mounted onto a scaffolding system devised by Arup engineers, shown here while still under construction

羅賓漢花園由兩塊混凝土板砌成，位於一個寬闊的花園的對面。這條寬闊的人行道被Smithson一家描述為「天空的街道」。這是為了追憶倫敦傳統的梯田式住宅的街道生活。

Swan房屋協會正在拆除位於倫敦的這棟建築，從而為建造新的住宅項目做準備。儘管此前很長一段時間，有很多著名建築師要求把這座建築作為遺產保留。

Robin Hood Gardens was made up of two concrete slab blocks, arranged on opposite sides of an expansive garden. The broad walkways, described as streets in the sky by the Smithsons, were intended to foster the same street life of London"s traditional terraced houses.

It is being demolished to way for a new housing development by Swan Housing Association, despite a long campaign to have the building heritage-listed, supported by many famous architects.

腳手架設施使得雙年展遊客可以爬上著名的「天空的街道」／The installation allows biennale visitors to climb up onto the building"s famous "streets in the sky"

該展覽位於雙年展的Arsenale地區，旨在探討和質疑這些建築遺產能否為未來的社會住房提供新的模式。

策展人Olivia Horsfall Turner和 Christopher Turner解釋說：「羅賓漢花園(RobinHood Gardens)一案之所以引人注目，因為它體現了大膽的住房供應願景，但是在建成不到50年後就被拆除了。」

「在羅賓漢花園的廢墟中，我們想再次審視Smithson夫婦最初的理想，並詢問他們如何才能啟發人們對當前社會住房的思考。」

策展人們小心地試圖避免「崇拜」混凝土結構。所以展覽還包括一系列的照片和電影，提供一些在歷史的不同階段關於這座建築的看法。

This exhibition, located in the Arsenale area of the biennale, aims to explore the legacy of the estate and question whether or not it offers a model for social housing of the future.

"The case of Robin Hood Gardens is arresting because it embodied such a bold vision for housing provision, yet less than 50 years after its completion it is being torn down," explained curators Olivia Horsfall Turner and Christopher Turner.

"Out of the ruins of Robin Hood Gardens, we want to look again at the Smithsons" original ideals and ask how they can inform and inspire current thinking about social housing."

The curators were careful not to try and avoid "fetishising" the concrete structure. So the exhibition also includes a series of photographs and films, offering a look at the building at different stages in its history.

展覽還包括一系列照片和電影，展示了歷史上的不同階段的這座建築／the exhibition also includes a series of photographs and films, offering a look at the building at different stages in its history

電影展示了四套長期居住的公寓，它由韓國藝術家Do Ho Suh製作，該藝術家以複雜的室內空間線網和織物的創造而聞名。

另一部電影是英國廣播公司（BBC）在1970年的紀錄片「史密森家」，它探討了設計背後的社會思想。

Turner對Dezeen的記者說：「我們試圖描繪史密森一家的願景、莊園歷史的曲折以及它的命運，並對其進行整體評估。」

他繼續說：「這是福利國家的黃金時代，是英國建築師們大規模建造非凡建築的巔峰時代。像羅賓漢花園，亞歴山大路（Alexandra Road-Neave Brown設計）都是驚人的建築成就。」

One film shows four apartments occupied by long-term residents, made by Korean artist Do Ho Suh, who is known for his intricate wire-and-fabric recreations of interior spaces.

Another is the BBC"s 1970 documentary, The Smithsons on Housing, which explores the social thinking behind the design.

"We"ve tried to map the whole arch of the Smithsons" vision, the twists and turns of the estate"s history and its fate and evaluate that as a whole," Turner told Dezeen.

"This was the golden era of the welfare state. This is when architects in Britain were most empowered to create extraordinary buildings at a massive scale," he continued. "Estates like Robin Hood Gardens, [by Neave Brown] are amazing architectural achievements."

韓國藝術家Do Ho Suh的電影中有四套長期居住的公寓／A film by Korean artist Do Ho Suh offers a look inside four apartments occupied by long-term residents

眼下的倫敦既缺乏負擔得起的住房，也缺乏像倫敦格倫費爾大廈（Grenfell Tower）一樣讓政府投入經濟成本的租住房。在這樣的住房危機背景下，展覽的目的是探討可從該項目中汲取的經驗教訓。

Turner說：「我們真的對史密森一家慷慨的建築和社會願景感興趣，希望能把它拆開，並以此作為一個鏡頭來展望社會住房的未來。」

V&A博物館位於倫敦肯辛頓區（Kensington）和切爾西區（Chelsea），離格倫費爾大廈不遠。Turner解釋說，自上世紀80年代前英國首相瑪格麗特?撒切爾(Margaret Thatcher)授予議會租購房權以來，該市只建造了10套市政住房。

他說：「我們如何看待阻礙我們在社會上為所有人創造負擔得起的住房的原因？這是一個很大的問題。土地價值的增加意味著這種情況正在發生變化。我們在自問現在想建設什麼樣的城市，而什麼樣的政策才能讓我們在城市創造可供每個人負擔得起的住房。」

Turner說：「史密森夫婦在設計該建築時和現在的最大不同之處是議會有內部的建築團隊，因此他們一直在為議會的項目工作。以前有將近80%的建築師為市政委員會工作，而現在則不到1%。」

In the context of London"s present housing crisis – both the shortage of affordable homes and the neglect of council-owned properties such as Grenfell Tower – the exhibition seeks to explore what lessons can be learnt from the estate.

"We were really interested in the Smithsons" generous architectural and social vision and in unpacking that and using that as a lens to look to the future of social housing," said Turner.

The V&A museum is located in the London borough of Kensington and Chelsea, not far from Grenfell Tower. Just 10 council homes have been built in the borough since former British prime minster Margaret Thatcher gave council tenants the right to buy in the 1980s, explained Turner.

"How can we look at what is preventing us from being able to create affordable housing for all in our society? That"s the big question," he said. "Increasing land values means that is changing. We"re asking what kind of a city we want to build now, what kind of provision we want to create for housing in the city that is available for everyone."

"One of the big differences between when the Smithsons were building and now is that councils had in-house architectural teams and so they were constantly working on projects that were for the councils," said Turner. "Almost 80 per cent of architects were working for the council and now its less that one per cent."

羅賓漢花園：倒置的廢墟展出到2018年11月25日，作為第16屆威尼斯建築雙年展的一部分／Robin Hood Gardens: A Ruin in Reverse is on show until 25 November 2018, as part of the 16th Venice Architecture Biennale

這不是羅賓漢花園第一次在威尼斯展出——史密森夫婦在1976年威尼斯藝術雙年展上就展出過項目的海報。

他們在寫關於這片地產的文章時說：「這座正在組裝的建築物是一座倒行逆施的廢墟。」這便是本次展覽標題的靈感來源。

羅賓漢花園：一個倒坍的遺址——該展覽將持續展覽到2018年11月25日，作為第16屆威尼斯建築雙年展的一部分。

今年的主要展覽是由Grafton建築事務所的Yvonne Farrell和Shelley McNamara在自由空間的標題下策劃的。

在接受Dezeen記者的採訪時，Farrell和McNamara聲稱，雖然建築師沒有能力應對全球問題，但小型項目同樣可以為社會做出巨大貢獻。

Turner告訴Dezeen的記者，史密森夫婦在羅賓漢花園項目上為居民提供的創新便利體現了他們慷慨的社會思想理念。

喜歡這篇文章嗎？立刻分享出去讓更多人知道吧！