開頭段落，你確定好寫？
很多學生在進行習作練習中發現，有時候文章的主體段落有思路和內容展開，但在開頭段卻不知道具體應該怎麼進行了。有句話叫「萬事開頭難」，概括這種困境最恰當不過了，今天給大家介紹幾種常用的開頭段寫法。
在開始內容之前，首先要給大家」科普「下基本概念。
如果大家想要寫好議論文，我覺得首先大家要弄清楚以下兩個概念：主觀，and客觀，這對議論文而言非常重要。
1主觀
百度上的概念：」通常語境中的主觀是指人的一種思考方式，與「客觀」相反。所謂「主觀」就是憑藉自己的感情去看待事物，並作結論、決策和行為反應，而不能與其他不同看法的人仔細商討，稱為主觀。「回到我們所講的議論文上，主觀是THOUGHT/OPINION，是雅思大作文題目和托福獨立寫作題目中所謂的關於結論或表明態度的表述。
雅思中，雖然題目內容較長信息較多，但我們可以通過一些題目中的一些具體措辭來判斷某句話是不是個主觀性表達，比如think，believe，should或形容詞副詞。例如：
180113
Some peoplethinkemployersshould notcare about the way their employees dress, theyshould onlycare about the quality at work.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
又如：
180210
Some peoplebelievethat people who read books can develop more imagination and language skills than those who prefer to watch TV.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
托福中，由於大多數題目的要求是一樣的，問你："Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?"這句話後面往往就跟一句話，因此肯定是個主觀表達，不然不會問你同不同意，比如：
180421 =161210
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It isdifficultfor ateacher to be both popular and effective in helping students.
Use specificreasons and examples to support your answer.
2.客觀
百度百科上的解釋：「客觀是指不依賴於人的意識而存在的一切事物，主觀與客觀相反。」如果一定要用單詞來「解釋」客觀概念的話，我首先想到了FACT，除此以外，還可以是background，phenomenon或situation，應該能大致區分主觀和客觀兩個概念了吧？
對於雅思大作文題目內容構成上，很有意思的是，也能抓出來一些「套路」。也就是說，有比較固話的結構。大家看看是不是以下這回事？
雅思大作文題目的構成：
1.背景句
2.觀點表達或主觀表達
3.任務要求
據我觀察，雅思大作文的題目內容，無外乎由這三類內容構成，但在具體題目上，根據任務要求（提問方式）的不同，導致具體的題目內容構成可能是以下情況中的一種：
情況A：1+3（背景+提問）
如：
180106
In many countries, more and more people buy a wider range of household goods like television, microwave oven and rice cooker.（背景句）
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?（提問方式，即任務要求）
情況B: 2+3
如：
180224
As countries developed, more and more people buy and use their own cars.背景，即fact）
Do you think the advantages of this trend for individuals outweigh its disadvantages for environment?（提問方式，即任務要求）
情況C: 1+2+3
如：
180118
Lectures were used to be a way to teach large number of students,（背景，即fact）but with the technology available for education,（背景）there isno longer（副詞頻度表達）justification for lectures.（主觀表達，即觀點）
To what extent do you agree or disagree?（提問方式，即任務要求）
又如：
180120
Today people are surrounded by advertising.（背景，即fact）This both affects what people think is important and is anegativeimpact on people』s lives.（主觀表達，即觀點）
To what extent do you agree or disagree?（提問方式，即任務要求）
再如：
180203
The restoration of old buildings in major cities in the world costs numerous government』s expenditures.（背景，即fact）This moneyshould beused in new housing and road development.（主觀表達，即觀點）
To what extent do you agree or disagree?（提問方式，即任務要求）
因此，理性的區分主觀和客觀，是進行正確的任務回應的第一步，不能錯。
測試下？
180303
In many countries, prison is the common solution to the problem of crime. However, another effective way is to provide people with better education so that they will not become criminals.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
本題屬於1+2+3.如果某同學在intro段落回應說」我不同意監獄是解決犯罪問題的常用方法「，那，這篇文章就不用寫了，太外行了。
小夥伴還記得這道題目嗎？
In some countries an increasing number of people are suffering from health problems as a result of eating too much fast food.It is therefore necessary for government to impose a higher tax on this kind offood.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
有多少同學的觀點表達的是」肥胖不僅僅是由於吃太多快餐引起的？」本題的主觀性表達是「It is thereforenecessaryfor government to impose a higher tax on this kind offood.」因此大家應該針對這句話發表觀點傾向性，表達同意或不同意impose a higher tax on fast food這個measure。
鋪墊好了，就開始說正事吧。為什麼要講作文題目的構成？因為：開頭段的內容，和上述所講的大作文題目構成，一毛一樣！
也即是說，我們也可以通過上述的1+3，2+3，或1+2+3的方式來寫開頭段！
構成A：
1+3：背景句+對提問方式的回應
構成B：
2+3：觀點改寫+對提問方式的回應
構成C:
1+2+3：背景句+觀點改寫+對提問方式的回應
隨便找個題目把！
180630
An increasing number of people are changing their careers during their working time.
What causes this trend ? Is it a positive or negative development? (題目屬於1+3模式)
1+3：
也就是是想說的第一種開頭段寫法：背景法
適用於雅思，托福等大多數學術性考試。
常用指數：
推薦指數：
特點：中規中矩
就題目的話題性，給出現階段或目前正在進行或存在的現象或狀態的說明性表述。
由於180630題目本身就是一個背景+問題，因此我們需要做的就是改寫就行，如：Currently, there are a growing number ofemployeeswho/that arealtering their careers,which arouses a heatedly debatable issue.(題目改寫)And this essay will briefly analyze/ discussthe causes of this phenomenon/ tendency as well as whether it is a positive development.(回應題目提問方式)
（TIP：劃線句型可直接積累）
同樣適用於托福獨立寫作：
180623
Some people prefer to do exercise alone while others would like group sports. Which do you prefer?
由於托福題目短小精悍多數只有主觀性表達，故需要我們自行添加背景句（也可省略，因為可以採用2+3模式）。本道題目是有關sports的話題，建議大家直接拿話題性核心辭彙進行加工背景句更能夠保證與題目的關聯程度！
如：
Currently people are busy with their work while most of them are unaware of the significance ofdoing sports. (背景)Once they have time to do it, they prefer to exercise without companion.（背景）However, I think it is better to do sports in groups.（觀點）
常用背景句展開句型：
1.with類
With the fast / unexpected development /progress / promotion/ widespread use of sth, …
With sth. developing / being promoted/ being criticized / becoming increasingly popular, ...
2. growing類
Nowadays /Currently/ presently, there is a growing concern over sth, which …
Nowadays,sth. is drawing /arousing/ leading to/ causing increasing concern among sb.
Nowadays,people are becoming increasingly concerned /worried / delighted over thewidespread use of / the popularity of ...
3. dilemma or controversy類
It /Sth. has always been a dilemma/ controversy for … to do sth.
It is never an easy task for sb to do sth
Whether we should do A. or B has never been an easy choice. As a matter of fact, people are easily swayed by many other factors, such as ...
方法2：關鍵詞法
適用於雅思，托福等大多數學術性考試。
常用指數：
推薦指數：
特點：易上手，基本不需要brainstorming，具有常識就行
突破口：
A.定義題目中的某關鍵詞；
B.描述該關鍵詞的特點；
C.描述該關鍵詞的功能性或作用
換個題目吧：
Do you agree or disagree :I nternet is bad for students.
本題目中關鍵詞可以是internet（論述的主體），也可以是students（論述的對象）
可以這樣寫intro：
對關鍵詞internet加工：
As is known to all/ As we all know, internet plays a vital / an dispensable role not only in our lives but in our study or work as well.(描述internet的作用) As most of our time is occupied by virtual cyberspace, it certainly, has bad effects on students. (表達觀點，呼應題目)
也可以對students加工：
It is universally acknowledged that students, as the mainstay in the near future, lie in a critical time of physical and psychological development.(描述students所處的關鍵時期，學生處於身心發展的關鍵時期，這絕對是毋庸置疑的，也可用於其他題目children的intro擴展). But an increasing number of them are addicted to network surfing, which is not good for their development as a whole.
方法三：排比反問法
更適用於托福等學術性要求不高的寫作，不建議雅思等偏學術性寫作適用
托福寫作常用指數：
托福寫作推薦指數：
特點：易上手，基礎性學生能夠駕馭，多數能夠出奇制勝，引起讀者的閱讀興趣
如題：Cooking should be a compulsory high school subject. (澳洲墨爾本大學foundation課程練習題目)
請參考：
Have you cooked before? What dishes can you cook by yourself? Do you think cooking a necessary and basic skill in life? Should students learning how to cook in high school?Personally speaking, cooking is a basic skill for students, but I don"t thinkit should be compulsory as a course in high school.
方法四：舉例法
可用於托福獨立寫作，不建議雅思等偏學術性寫作使用
托福寫作常用指數：
托福寫作推薦指數：
特點：平易近人，基礎性學生也能夠駕馭，引起讀者的閱讀興趣
如：
Do you agree or disagree:
Eating meat should be banned.
通過personal anecdote的親身經歷開篇，自然過渡到題目所討論的話題。
例：
A friend of mine who likes eating meat is suffering from digestion problems these days. As we know, not only does eating too much meat cause people such a problem, but it causes high cholesterol and other diseases as well. Such a serious problem caused by meat we often confront in our dailylives. Therefore, I am in favor that meat should be banned from eating .
舉例法常用句型：
·Last Sunday/ The other day/Some months ago, a friend of mine…. The case /story / incident is notrare/ unusual. It is one /typical of thousands of ...
·I have a friend/ A friend of mine who ... Such a choice /dilemma / problem we often meet/ face/ confront in our daily lives.
·Once in a hospital/ school/street/ newspaper, I saw /read of /learnt ...
·Once upona time, there lived a man who ... This story may be unbelieveable , but itstill has a realistic significance now.
方法五：引言法
可用於托福獨立寫作，不建議雅思等偏學術性寫作使用
托福寫作常用指數：
托福寫作推薦指數：
特點：由於需要積累，一旦使用能夠快速脫穎而出，容易引起讀者的注意，一個名人名言頂過好幾個個體化例子
比如題目：
Agree or disagree:Plasticbags should be banned.
開頭段落可如下進行：
「How many times have we walked past a piece of litter on the ground, cursing whoever was so thoughtless as to drop it and wondering when someone would come by to clean it up? It wouldn』t be hard for usto bend over and pick up the litter, then drop it in the nearest waste bin,after all.」 We often hear such words about environmental problems. Besides litter, plastic bags are another form of litter, which arouses our concern about whether to ban them. As far as I am concerned, it is suggested to prohibit the use of them when it comes to the harm they bring to us.
引言法常用句型：
「… 「 such is the remark made by ... This remark has beenshared by more and more people.
「… 「 Such is theopinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share hisopinion.
「… 「 We often hearsuch statement/ words like those/this.
In ourown days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this 「...」.
好啦，以上是我對開頭段的理解，希望對大家的破題和思路有幫助！么么噠~
TAG:全球大搜羅 |