「數字印度」計劃能否幫助印度成為真正的IT強國？Digital India：Eyes on the Future
以中印為方法 以世界為目的
From China and India
to the world as a whole
文/AlpanaVerma
By Alpana Verma
在全球化時代，雲計算等數字技術以及信息通訊技術在日常生產中無處不在的應用不僅推動了各國經濟發展，而且賦予了人們數字化「權利」。印度儘管是全球軟體業發展的重要貢獻者，但在硬體製造領域仍處於落後地位。
In this era of globalization, digital technologies like Cloud Computing and various applications of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in daily lives have not only bolstered the economic growth of countries, but also have digitally empowered the people. India, though a major contributor to software developments across the globe, has still remained on a back foot in terms of hardware manufacturing.
若要成為一個IT強國，印度仍有很長一段路要走，印度國內存在著巨大的數字鴻溝，城鄉人口在數字技術的可及性和素養方面有著巨大差距。另外，印度有著龐大的農業人口，他們面臨著技術教育的匱乏。作為僅次於中國的第二人口大國，印度擁有12億人口，同樣也面臨著資源有限的問題。
India has been far behind its potential of emerging as an IT-advanced country. Moreover, there is a gaping digital divide in India, where there is an abysmal difference between the urban and rural population in terms of digital accessibility and digital literacy. Also, we have a huge agrarian population, which suffers due to lack of technological education. The 1.2 billion people of India, the world』s second-most populous country after China, are also dependent on its limited resources.
2016 年5 月21 日，印度總理莫迪接見了蘋果CEO 提姆·庫克。蘋果在信息化教育、健康及幫助印度農民增收等方面著手落實「數字印度」計劃。
面對這一困境，印度總理納倫德拉·莫迪於2015年7月1日啟動了「數字印度」計劃，為這一問題的解決帶來了一絲希望。他相信這一計劃將促進技術和互聯互通的融合。
In this difficult scenario, the Digital India campaign, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on July 1, 2015, is emerging as a ray of hope. He believes in bringing technology and connectivity together through this program.
莫迪總理在美國聖何塞演講中說道：「我認為技術是賦權的手段，也是連接機會與希望的橋樑。如今，社交媒體正在消解社會鴻溝，它依靠人類共同價值觀而非社會身份的力量把人們攏聚在一起。」「數字印度」計劃旨在通過消除印度城鄉人口之間的差距，建立一個參與度更高、更加透明、響應更快的電子化治理體系。
PM Modi rightly said in his speech in San Jose, 「I see the technology as a means to empower and as a tool that bridges the distance between hope and opportunity. Social media is reducing social barriers. It connects people on the strength of human values, not identities.」 This program aims at building a more participative, transparent and responsive system, through bridging the gap between rural and urban Indians, and e-governance.
三個關鍵領域
THREE KEY AREAS OF DIGITAL INDIA
「數字印度」計劃非常富有遠見，主要涵蓋三個關鍵領域：
The Digital India program is quite visionary in its approach as it encompasses three key areas.
首先，它旨在通過電子化數據分享，即電子通訊方式建立連接印度與世界的數字框架；
Firstly, it aims at the establishment of a digital framework to connect India to the world through sharing of data digitally, namely through electronic means of communication.
其次，它將確保包括各種政府計劃在內的公共服務通過信息通訊技術以電子化的方式向民眾提供；
Secondly, it works to ensure that the digital distribution of services, including all government-related initiatives implemented for the citizens, are provided to the people through the usage of ICTs.
第三個領域為提高數字素養。「數字印度」計劃希望通過數字設備提供更好的教育、技術、技能和知識，賦予人們公平的數字化「權利」，從而消除印度各階層存在的數字鴻溝。
The third is digital literacy. Digital India aims at bridging the digital divide between the various sections of the Indian population by equally digitally empowering the people through better education, technology, skills and knowledge through digital equipment.
這一計劃涉及一系列並行項目，例如BharatNet國家寬頻項目、「印度製造」計劃、「印度崛起」計劃、「工業走廊」項目等。這些項目既受益於「數字印度」計劃，又與其相互促進。
The campaign includes a number of other parallel projects, which are mutual enablers and beneficiaries of the Digital India campaign. These include BharatNet, Make in India, Startup India, Standup India, and Industrial Corridor, to name a few.
除了上述三個關鍵領域，「數字印度」計劃還涵蓋被稱為「九大支柱」的重要倡議，所有這些倡議均旨在讓印度在未來成為一個知識型經濟體，通過整合和協調整個政府機構向民眾提供更好的政務服務。
Along with the above three key areas, there are major initiatives under the Digital India campaign, each with a particular motive to prepare India in emerging as a knowledge economy and bringing good governance to the citizens through orchestrated and coordinated engagement of the entire government body, termed as the Nine Pillars.
2017 年1 月26 日，在一年一度的佛浴節上，印度阿拉哈巴德一位娑度（印度教聖人）在書攤上通過手機應用Paytm 支付買書費用。
這「九大支柱」包括寬頻公路、普及移動網路、IT就業培訓、電子製造業、公共互聯網接入、電子政務、電子革命、全球信息化以及早期收穫計劃。
These Nine Pillars include broadband services on highways, easy access to mobile connectivity, IT training for jobs, manufacturing of electronics, providing public access to the internet, e-governance, e-kranti (which means 「e-revolution」), global information, and the early harvest program.
這些倡議著眼於通過尖端技術加強民眾與政府之間的聯繫。「數字印度」這一雄心勃勃的計劃希望通過寬頻網路連接印度所有的基層自治組織和村落。
These initiatives are focused on connecting the citizens of India to the government and vice-versa through the usage of cuttingedge technologies. The ambitious Digital India campaign aspires to connect all the Gram Panchayats (grassroots-level selfgovernance systems) and the villages of India digitally through broadband internet connection.
印度各州計劃在業務流程外包領域創造總計2.8萬個工作崗位。鑒於大約88%的印度人口不會英語，谷歌公司與印度政府和新聞媒體合作，建立了「印度語言互聯網聯盟」（ILIA），旨在讓印地語用戶更方便地使用互聯網。
BPO and job growth is planned to create 28,000 jobs in BPO sectors in all states. Approximately 88 percent of the Indian population is non-English speaking. Google is setting up the 「Indian Languages Internet Alliance (ILIA)」 with the government and news media producers in the country to ensure Hindi users in India can start finding the Internet easier to use.
印度政府還進一步要求Gmail等電子郵件服務提供商允許龐大的非英語用戶用當地語言創建郵件賬戶。
An interesting step has been taken by the government in requesting email-providing giants like Google (Gmail) to let citizen create email-ids in regional languages to help the large non-English speaking population.
「數字印度」計劃能夠為促進印度GDP增長發揮關鍵作用。根據國際知名研究機構麥肯錫的數據，這一計劃通過引入新技術和創新理念將促使印度GDP在2025年達到1萬億美元。
The Digital India program can play a decisive role in GDP growth. According to the leading research agency McKinsey, the inclusion of new technologies and innovative ideas across various sectors through this campaign will boost the GDP up to US$1 trillion by 2025.
該計劃有望對包括GDP增長、就業增長、勞動生產率提升、商業發展和繁榮等印度宏觀經濟因素產生巨大的影響，進而促進政府財政收入的增長。世界銀行發布的一項報告顯示，在發展中國家，移動網路和寬頻網路的滲透率每提高10%，便會促進GDP增長0.81%。
This can hugely impact the macro-economic factors such as GDP growth, generation of employment, labour productivity, growth and booming of a number of businesses which might contribute to revenue collection by the government. According to a World Bank report, a 10-percent increase in mobile and broadband penetration increases per capita GDP by 0.81 percent and 1.3 percent respectively in developing countries.
目前，印度是世界上第二大移動通信市場，無線用戶數達9.15億，同時還是全球第三大互聯網市場，寬頻用戶數達2.59億。
Remarkably, India proudly is the second-largest telecom market in the world with 915 million wireless subscribers and the third-largest internet market with 259 million broadband users.
面臨的主要障礙
MAJOR BLOCKADES
我們正在進入一個高度依賴新技術的時代。早些年，信息通訊技術僅被用來存儲數據和信息，但如今它們在創建知識經濟社會的過程中發揮著關鍵作用，所有國家都在致力於建設信息高速公路，以適應全球化的需求。
We are moving into an era which is highly dependent on the new-age technologies. Earlier, the ICTs were used to store data and information, but now they are playing a crucial role in building a society that is based on knowledge economy and every country is riding the information superhighway to meet the demands of the globalized world.
「數字印度」計劃便是印度對於這一問題的答案。包括電子化醫療（印度的醫患比例高達1:870）、數字保險箱、數字簽名、電子化教育、全國獎學金平台等各種方案，將促使這一計劃宏大目標的實現，從而讓社會弱勢群體也能享受技術帶來的好處。
The Digital India campaign is India』s answer to this. Various schemes like E-health (India has a poor doctor patient ratio, 1:870), Digital Locker, E-Sign, E-Education, and nationwide scholarship portals are remarkable initiatives to fulfill the larger goals of this campaign to bring technology at the doors of the disenfranchised groups of society.
「數字印度」計劃有望使印度農民生產的糧食賣個好價錢。通過互聯網，農戶可以學到新技術，提高營銷能力，了解各類政府政策。即便沒有智能手機的農民，也可以通過簡訊做到上述幾點。
The campaign aims to help the Indian farmers get better prices for their crops. Through the usage of the Internet, farmers will be taught new techniques, better marketing abilities and will be informed about various government policies. SMSes will be sent to those farmers who do not own a smartphone, regarding the above.
大型企業B2R建立在印度喜馬拉雅山下的農村裡，它僱傭當地的村民使用網路從城市中採購，開闢了一條大型企業在印度發展的新路子。
印度BSNL電信公司、信實工業有限公司等機構正在印度農村地區加大數字基礎設施建設。預計到2019年，「數字印度」計劃將在全國25萬個村莊實現寬頻接入，設立40萬個公共互聯網接入熱點，在全國範圍內提供電子服務和電子政務，在所有大學校園全天候提供免費WiFi，為全國25萬家學校提供WiFi設施，實現電子化醫院、電子化銀行、電子化教育的全覆蓋。
Organizations like Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and Reliance Ltd. are building the digital infrastructure in the rural areas. By 2019, the Digital India Campaign aims to have set up broadband in 250,000 villages, with 400,000 public internet access points, providing e-services and e-governance across the nation, round-the-clock free WiFi in all universities, WiFi set up in 250,000 schools across the country, fullfledged services of e-hospitals, e-banking, and e-education.
印度政府已撥款3.53億美元，用於啟動一項名為PMGDisha的培訓計劃，以實現在2019年3月之前讓6000萬農戶能夠使用電子技術的目標，這一數字大約佔印度全國農戶的40%。這一培訓計劃將涵蓋符合條件農村家庭中的所有成員。
An outlay of US$353 million is to be used to make 60 million rural households digitally literate by March 2019. This training program goes by the name of Pradhan Mantri Digital Saksharta Abhiyan PMG Disha that has the objective of reaching around 40 percent of rural households by covering one member from every eligible household.
數字素養缺乏、網速慢、基礎設施發展緩慢、政府項目缺乏私有部門參與、數字鴻溝、缺乏完善的網路法律等問題成為實施「數字印度」計劃的主要障礙。著名經濟學家阿馬蒂亞·森提出的人類「可行能力」的概念在數字世界被廣泛應用，產生著深遠的影響。印度不僅存在著巨大的數字鴻溝，還存在著巨大的數字「可行能力」鴻溝。
Issues like digital illiteracy, low Internet speed, slow and delayed infrastructure development, lack of private participation in government projects, digital divide, lack of foolproof cyber laws etc. are major blockades to the Digital India campaign. Economist Amartya Sen』s idea of human 『capability』 has considerable applications and ramifications in the digital world. India not only has a noticeable digital gap but also an abysmal digital capability gap.
印度工商聯合會及德勤會計師事務所（Deloitte）聯合發布的關於「數字印度」計劃的報告顯示，截至2016年11月，印度仍有9.5億人口從未使用互聯網。大約25%的印度成年人不識字，而這一比例在中國不足5%。
According to an ASSOCHAM Deloitte report on Digital India, until November 2016, around 950 million Indians were not using the Internet. Around 25 percent of India』s adult population cannot read and write compared to fewer than five percent in China.
報告還顯示，儘管印度政府已撥款2700億美元用於建設全國光纖網路，但由於67%的網路接入點在實驗階段被發現失效，要實現通過這一網路將25萬個村莊聯網的目標仍非易事。根據阿卡邁技術公司發布的網速報告，2016年印度的平均網速在亞太地區排在第105名，居於最末。
It was found by the same organization that connecting 2.5 Lakh Gram Panchayats – with a government expenditure of US$270 billion to lay optic fibre – through the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) was challenging as 67 percent of these NOFN points were found to be non-functional even at the pilot stage. The Akamai report on internet speed found that in 2016, India ranked the lowest at 105th in the Asia Pacific region.
印度工商聯合會及德勤會計師事務所發布的聯合報告顯示，印度需在其現有的大約300萬個WiFi熱點的基礎上再增加800萬個熱點，才能達到全球平均水平。
India needs over eight million hotspots as against the availability of a meager roughly three million hotspots to reach global level, according to the ASSOCHAM-Deloitte report.
此外，所涉項目的商業價值和盈利可能性也面臨著考驗。很多私有公司對政府提議的項目興趣不大，甚至毫無興趣。目前，尤其缺乏商業投資價值，印度仍有大約45萬個村莊沒有覆蓋移動網路。
Commercial viability and profitability of various projects is under scanner. Many private companies show little or no interest in government proposals. Until recently, almost 55,000 villages did not have mobile connectivity, as it was not a commercially viable investment.
同時，網路犯罪正在成為印度面臨的一大挑戰。根據印度軟體與服務業企業協會（NASSCOM）的數據，到2025年印度將需要100萬名專業的網路安全人員，目前這一數字僅為6.2萬。因此，印度亟需大量受過培訓的專業人才，以實現其「數字印度」計劃的目標。
Cybercrime is emerging as one of the major challenges in India. According to NASSCOM, India needs one million trained cyber security professionals by 2025. Currently, it has only 62,000. Hence, there is a dire need to hire trained professionals who can make their contribution to realizing the Digital India campaign.
「數字印度」的未來
THE FUTURE OF DIGITAL INDIA
印度和中國均擁有龐大的互聯網市場和用戶。在發展中國家中，印度一度在信息技術服務和勞動力出口領域佔據領導地位。然而，如今中國在互聯網發展方面已經將印度甩在後面。
India and China have huge internet markets and population. India once was at a commanding position in terms of exporting information technology services and skilled manpower among the developing countries. However, China has left India far behind by leveraging the internet in its favor.
世界上排名前20的互聯網公司中，有13家位於美國，5家來自中國，日本和英國還各有1家。中國最大的電子商務公司阿里巴巴的市值是印度最大的電子商務公司Flipkart的25倍，而印度每兆帶寬的家庭寬頻網的價格是中國的6至10倍。印度不同年齡、性別、地域和收入人群之間的數字鴻溝也往往高於中國。
Of the top 20 internet companies in the world, 13 are American, five are Chinese, with one each from Japan and the United Kingdom. Alibaba, China』s largest e-commerce company, has a market capitalization that is 25 times higher than that of Flipkart, the largest e-commerce company in India. The cost of a 1Mbit/s residential broadband service in India is 6-10 times higher than in China. The digital divide across age, gender, geography and income within India is significantly higher than in China.
2016 年4 月28 日，一家印度人通過智能電視收看節目。在線視頻平台在印度日益流行，這同時也對該國落後的互聯網基礎設施形成挑戰。
要想實現將印度建設成為全球IT強國的目標，印度政府需要採取有效措施，改善上述狀況。首先也是最重要的一點是，它必須採取行動推動公民數字素養的提升，從而消除城市和農村人口之間存在的數字鴻溝。它必須制定周全的計劃，使民眾更加容易接觸到信息，從而讓人們充分了解「數字印度」計劃所能帶來的益處。
The Indian government needs to take major steps to fix these issues if it wants to realize the vision of putting India on the global map of IT-advanced countries. First and foremost, the government must ensure that it puts in place programs that give an impetus to digital literacy, thus bridging the digital divide between the rural and urban population. It must chalk out foolproof plans to make information more reachable to the masses, thus making the people aware of the benefits of this program.
政府還須探索公私合作方式，以確保相關計劃在不遠的將來能夠如期實行，同時保證所需資金到位。印度政府還須取消冗長繁瑣的審批手續，建設高效的數字技術設施，從而讓印度成為國內和外來投資的熱土。
Public Private Partnership must be explored so that the schemes can be realized soon in the near future, and the incurring costs must be met. Lengthy, tedious paperwork and documentation processes must be cut down, and the construction of an efficient digital infrastructure realized, in order to make India an investment hub for both domestic and foreign ventures.
由於印度高度依賴非再生能源，污染也成為該國面臨的一大問題。雲技術技術通過提高機動性和靈活性可以最大化減少碳排放，通過設立雲數據中心預計可以使印度的能源消耗從2010年的201.8太瓦減少到2020年的139.8太瓦，碳足跡可以在2010年水平基礎上減少28%。
Pollution is emerging as a major issue in India as we are highly dependent on nonrenewable sources of energy. Cloud computing technology minimizes carbon emissions by improving mobility and flexibility. Energy consumption can be reduced from 201.8 terawatt hours (TWH) in the year 2010 to 139.8 TWH in 2020 by higher adoption of cloud data centers resulting in a remarkable 28 percent reduction in carbon footprint from 2010 levels.
「數字印度」計劃是印度政府採取的一項具有遠見卓識的舉措。這一計劃的成功加速實施將為印度經濟注入活力，提升印度民眾的數字素養，為年輕人創造更多的工作機會，緩解逃稅和黑錢等問題，同時讓印度成為全球信息通訊技術大國中領軍角色。
The Digital India campaign is a very futuristic and visionary approach of the Indian government. Successful and accelerated implementation of this endeavor will give an impetus to the Indian economy, make the people of India digitally advanced, will provide jobs to the youth, and manage the problems of tax evasion and black money, in addition to putting India at a commanding position in the league of ICT-advanced countries.
本文作者AlpanaVerma為德里大學東亞研究系博士生。
The author is a PhD Candidate at the Department of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi.
本文為《中印對話》獨家稿件，歡迎分享，媒體轉載請聯繫我們。
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