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來自動物伴侶的真情禮物

論文標題:An empirical examination of the conceptualization of companion animals

作者:Ruben Hoffmann, Carl Johan Lagerkvist, Malin Hagberg Gustavsson and Bodil S. Holst

數字識別碼:10.1186/s40359-018-0228-1

BMC Psychology最近發表了一項研究,調查了人類對動物陪伴看法的經驗性數據。了解我們如何看待貓狗,有助於我們進一步深入理解它們對人類的影響,進而認識到這類小動物的存在對人類的意義。

來自動物伴侶的真情禮物

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與不同物種建立相互間的陪伴關係(例如主人與被飼養的寵物)是人類由來已久的行為,這種關係對於人類具有很重要的意義。過去,人們對寵物的重視體現在與動物伴侶分享食物和住所等資源。而現在,這種重視主要體現在金錢上。2017年一項全球範圍的研究估計,人類在寵物護理商品和服務上總共花費了1090億美元。雖然我們能知道動物伴侶所帶來的經濟利益,但是我們卻不清楚人類在精神上對待寵物伴侶的看法。

為了更好地理解人類對待大眾寵物(如貓和狗)的看法,Hoffman和同事們最近在BMC Psychology上發表的研究對此進行了調查,希望可以弄清楚人類是怎麼看待這些伴侶動物們的。

來自動物伴侶的真情禮物

Hoffman和他的同事們採用在線調查的方式,使用開放式問題詢問了受試者們對待貓和狗的看法,並通過這種自由引導的方式來發掘出受試者心目中最顯著的觀念(如特徵與情感)。「當想到貓時,你的第一印象是什麼?」在自由引導方式下,類似這樣的開放式問題能夠引導出五花八門的回答。

研究人員認為人對動物最顯著的概念,是與動物的整體形象最相關的概念。因此,整體形象概念也比其他概念更重要。

然後,研究人員對各種各樣的回答進行了分類。他們將答案中的同義詞(如友好的,親切的,暖心的)分為一類;又進一步將含義相近的詞分成一類,例如,在個性/心理類別下,倔強的、驕傲的和正直的同屬於一類。同時,還根據是否擁有寵物,將受試者進行了分類;對於沒有寵物的受試者,根據其是否想要有寵物再進行分類。

對於如何看待小狗,受試者們不管是已經擁有了或者是想要擁有小狗,都給出了相同的回答:「友好」、「愛」、「陪伴」、「歡樂」和「忠誠」。這一結果與貓的情況有所不同,同樣的人群對於貓的看法中最常見的只有「有個性」和「愛」。

有趣的是,在不想飼養小貓小狗的受試者中,更多的回答是「麻煩精」。

來自動物伴侶的真情禮物

這個研究的結果不僅表明人們對待貓和狗的看法各不相同,還說明與寵物處於不同關係的個人也可能對寵物產生一樣的看法。比如人們往往將狗與「友誼」、「愛」、「陪伴」、「歡樂」和「忠誠」聯繫起來,而將貓與「有個性」和「愛」聯繫起來。

人們對待貓的看法特別有趣。排名前兩位的「愛」和「有個性」的重要性至少要比排第三位的「陪伴」高30%。此外,「社交」是最不重要的屬性之一。這些發現反映了人們在對待貓和人之間的關係中具有貌似衝突的看法,喜愛的概念相對於陪伴和社交是獨立的。

貓和狗共有的最顯著屬性是「愛」。或許這就是我們極度重視小貓小狗的原因吧。雖然我們為這些寵物花費了許多,但是他們的陪伴也回饋給了我們許多精神收穫。

所以想想古埃及人、日本文化、甚至整個世界對小貓視頻的痴迷。幾個世紀以來,人類一直崇拜著聖潔般存在的貓,也喜歡這忠誠善良的狗,是因為它們也為我們提供了最珍貴的禮物:愛。

摘要:

Background

The extensive keeping of companion animals and the substantial monetary amount we spend on these animals indicate that they are highly valued. Although the benefits humans derive from keeping cats and dogs have been extensively studied, how we conceptualize these animals has received limited attention. How people conceptualize cats and dogs is important as it influences human behavior and the well-being of humans as well as animals. The objective of this paper was to examine the conceptual meaning of dogs and cats and the relative importance of meanings assigned to these species.

Methods

Based on a Swedish on-line survey (n = 2028) the free-elicitation method was used to measure the salience of conceptualizations for dogs and cats as this method measures the accessibility of the focal object in people』s memory. An R-index approach was used to analyze the importance and dominance of attributes on the premise that the order in which attributes were listed by respondents reflects their relative importance. The sum of the choice probability was used to evaluate the stochastic rank order of attributes and Somers』 D was used to examine difference in rankings between groups of respondents.

Results

For dogs, human well-being in terms of emotional and social support, and emotional attachment (friendship, love, companionship, joy and loyalty) were found to be most important while elements related to the animals themselves (e.g. personality of the animal) were found to be less important. For cats, personality of the animal was along with love found to be most important. The results were largely consistent across different types of households.

Conclusions

The results provide information on the relative importance of salient attributes and thus indicate which attributes that are important to consider, for example, when analyzing human-animal interaction, animal welfare, human health and subjective-well-being, or the economic value of cats and dogs.

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期刊介紹:

BMC Psychology(https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers manuscripts on all aspects of psychology, human behavior and the mind, including developmental, clinical, cognitive, experimental, health and social psychology, as well as personality and individual differences. The journal welcomes quantitative and qualitative research methods, including animal studies.

(來源:BMC Psychology)

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