默克爾哈佛演講：推倒無知和狹隘的牆，不點名批評川普

新聞 06-06

哈佛大學第368屆畢業典禮於5月30日星期四舉行，主題是，移民創造了夢想，會讓世界更美麗！德國總理 Angela Merkel 擔任演講嘉賓，哈佛向默克爾授予了榮譽法學博士學位。

默克爾曾經是量子化學家，在蘇聯控制的東德生活了35年。1989年柏林牆倒塌，德國的統一激勵了默克爾離開科學領域參與政治。

她分享了自己年輕時在東柏林學習、科研的經歷，並以柏林牆作為類比，呼籲2019屆畢業生們在新的國際環境中打破由於人們互相之間不理解而造成的屏障，推倒無知的牆壁和狹隘的思想，共同為了一個更美好的未來世界而努力。

她還指出，保護主義和貿易衝突會危及自由的世界貿易，進而危及繁榮的基礎。雖然未點名美國總統特朗普，但每個人似乎都明白她所指何人。她的話贏得了熱烈掌聲，許多聽眾起身鼓掌。

President Larry Bacow, fellows of the Cooperation, members of the Board of Overseers, members of the Alumni Board, members of the faculty, proud parents and graduates.Today is the day of joy, its your day, many congratulations.

I am delighted to be here today and would like to tell you about some of my own experiences. This ceremony marks the end of the intensive and probably also hardship in your lives. Now the door towards your life is opening. That"s exciting and inspiring. The Germany writer, Hermann Hesse has some wonderful words for such situation in life. I"d like to quote him and then continue in my native language.

Hermann has written:

In allbeginning dells a magic force

For guarding us and helping us to live.

These words by Hermann have inspired me when I completed my physics degree at the age of 24. That was back in 1979. The world was divided into East and West. And it was in the grips of the Cold War.

I grew up in east Germany and the GDR, the part of my country that was not free and under dictatorship. People were oppressed and under surveillance. Political dissidents were persecuted.

The east Germany government was afraid of people would flee to freedom. And that"s why it built the Berlin Wall. A wall made of concrete and steel.Anyone caught trying to overcome it was arrested or shot dead.This wall which cut Berlin in half, divided people and divided families. My family was also divided.

My first job after college was as a physicist at the Academy of Sciences in east Berlin. I lived near the Berlin Wall. I walked towards it everyday on my way home to my institute. Behind it, laid west Berlin.Freedom.

And everyday, when I was very close to the wall, I had to turn away at the last minute in order to head towards my apartment. Everyday I had to turn away from freedom at the last minute. I don』t know how often I thought I couldn』t take it anymore, it was so frustrating. I was not a dissident. I didn"t run up and ban against the wall.Nor, however, did I ever denied its existence for? I didn"t want to lie to myself.

The Berlin wall limited my opportunities, it quite literally stood in my way. However, there was one thing which this wall couldn"t do during all of those years. It couldn"t impose limits on my inner thoughts. My personality, my imaginations, my dreams and desires, prohibitions and coercions couldn"t limit any of that.

Then came 1989, a common desire for freedom unleashed incredible forces throughout Europe. In Portland, in Hungry, at Checeslovacoter,as well as in east Germany, hundreds of thousands of people dare take to the street. The People deomonstrated and brought down the Wall. Something which many people including myself would not have belived possible become reality. Well there was once only a door suddenly opened. For me too, the moment had came, to walk through that door.

I no long had to turn away from freedom at the last minute, I was able to cross this borderand venture out into the great wide open.

During these months 30 years ago, I experienced firsthand that nothing has to stay the way it is. This experience, dear graduates, is the first thought I want to share with you today for your future.

Anything that seems to be set in stone or inalterable can indeed change. It matters both large and small, it holds through that every change begins in the mind.

My parents generation discovers this in the most painful way. My father and mother were born in 1926 and 1928. When they were as old as most of you here today, the betrayal of all civilized values that was shown up and World War II had just ended.

My country Germany had brought unimaginable suffering on Europe and the world. The victors and defeated could easily have remained irreconcilable for many years. But instead, Europe overcame centuries over conflicts. A peaceful order based on common values rather than supposed national strength emerged.

Despite all the discussions and contemporary setbacks, I firmly believed that we Europeans have united for the better.And the relationship between Germans and Americans too demonstrates former wartime enemies can become friends.

It wasGeorge C. Marshall, who gave a crucial contribution to this for the plan he announced at the commencement ceremony in 1947, in this very place.

The transatlantic partnership based on values such as democracy and human rights, has given us an era of peace and prosperity that has benefited all sides which was lasted for more than 70 years now. And today, it would not be long now before the politicians of my generation are no longer the subject of the exercising leadership program, and at most we would be done within leadership in history.

Harvard class of 2019, your generation would be face with the challenges of the 21 century in the coming decades. You are among those would lead us into the future.

Protectionism and trade conflicts jeopardize free international trade and therefore lost the very foundation of our prosperity.The digital transformation affacts all facets of our lives. Wars and terrorism lead to displacement and forced migration. Climate change poses a threat to our planet』s natural resources. It and the resulting crisis are caused by humans.

Therefore, we can and must do everything humanly possible to master this challenge to humankind. It is still possible, however each and everyone of us must play a part. And I said this with measure also with criticism get better.

I will therefore to do everything in my power to ensure my country Germany will achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Changes for the better are possible if we tackle them together. If we want to go it alone, we could not achieve much.

The second thought I want to share with you is therefore, more than ever, our way of thinking and actions have to be multilateral rather than unilateral, global rather than national, outward looking rather than isolationist. In short, we have to work together rather than alone.

You dear graduates would have quite different opportunities to do this in future than my generation did. After all, your smart phone probably has considerably more processing power than the copy of the IBM main frame computer manufactured in the Soviet Union, which I was allowed to use for my dissertation in east Germany in 1986.

Today we use artificial intelligence, for example, to search the millions of images for symptoms of diseases in order among other things to better diagnose cancer.

In future, a perceptive robot could help doctors and nurses to focus on the individual needs of patients. We cannot predict today which applications would be possible. However, the opportunities it brings are truly breathtaking.

Class of 2019, how we use these opportunities would be largely up to you as a graduate. You are the ones who will be involved in deciding how our approach to how we work, communicate, get about indeed our entire way of life we develop.

As Federal Chancellor, I often have to ask myself, am I doing the right thing? Am I doing something because it is right, or simply because it』s possible? That is just something you too need to ask yourself.

That"s the third thought I wish to share with you today. Are we laying down the rules for technology, or is technology dictating how we act? Do we prioritize people as individuals with human dignity with all the manifestsor do we see them as many consumes, data sources, objects of surveillance. These are difficult questions.

I have learned that we can find good answers even to difficult questions if we always try to view the world through the eyes of others.If we respect other people"s history, traditions, religions and identity. If we hold fast to our inalienable values and act in accordance with them. And if we don"t always act on our first impulses even with pressure to make a slap decision. But instead, take a moment to stop, be still, think, pause. Granted that certainly takes courage.

Above all, it calls for truthfulness in our attitudes towards others. And perhaps most importantly, it calls for us to be honest with ourselves.

What better place to begin to do so than here, in this place where so many young people from all over the world come to learn, research, and discuss the issues of our time under the maxim of truth.

That requires us not to describe lies as truth and truth as lies. It requires us not to accept shortcomings as our normality. Yet, what dear graduates could stop you? What could stop us from doing that?

Once again, the answer is walls. Walls in people"s mind, walls of ignorance and narrow-mindedness.

They exist between family members, as well as between groups within this society; between people of different skin colors, nations and religions.Walls that keep preventing us from envisioning of the world in which together we want you to live. Whether we manage to do that is up to us.

That"s what my fourth thought. For my dear graduates to consider is this, nothing can be taken for granted.

Our individual liberty is not given, democracy is not something we can take for granted. Neither is peace, and neither is persperity. But if we break down the walls that hammer us in, if we step out into the open and have the courage to embrance new beginning, everything is possible.

Walls can collapse, dictatorship can disappear. We can hold global warming, we can eradicate starvation, we can eliminate diseases we can give people especially girls access to education, we can fight the course of displacement and force of migration. We can do all of that.

So let"s no stop by asking what isn"t possible or focusing on what has always been that way. Let"s start by asking what is possible and looking for things that have never been done as before.

This is exactly what I said to the Boondas talk, the German Parliment in 2005, in my first policy statement as newly elected Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and the first woman to hold this office.

And I want to use precisely these words to share with you my fifth thought.

Let just suprise us by showing what is possible, let suprise us by showing what we are capable of.

In my own life, it was the fall of the Berlin Wall that allowed me almost 30 years ago to step out into the open. A that point, I left my work as the scientist behind me and enter politics. That was exciting and magic time. Just as your life would be exciting and magic. But also experienced moments of doubt and worry. For that time we all knew what lay behind but not what may lay ahead. Perhaps that reflects a little how you too are feeling today, omits all the joy at this occassion.

The sixth thought I also want to share with you is this, the moment when you step out into the open is also a moment a risk taking.

Letting go of the old is part of the new begining. There is no beginning without end, no day without night, no life without death.

Our whole lifeencounters all the diferences. The space between beginning and ending. It is what lays in between that we call life and experiences.

I believe that time and time again, we need to be prepared to keep bringing in things to an end, in order to feel the magic of new beginning, and to make the most of our opportunities.

That"s what I learned as a student, as a scientist, and it is what my experiences now in politics. And who knows what life will bring after my time as a politician. That too is completely open. Only one thing is clear, it would again be something different and something new.

That why I want to leave this wish with you, tear down walls of ignorance and narrow-mindedness, for nothing has to stay as it is.

Take joint action in the interest of the multilateral, global world.

Keep asking yourselves: Am I doing something because it is right, or simply because it』s possible?

Don"t forget, that freedom is never something that can be taken for granted.

Surprise yourself with what is possible.

Remember that openness always involves risks.

Letting go of the old is part of the new begining.

And above all, nothing can be taken for granted. Everything is possible.

（向上滑動啟閱）

尊敬的哈佛校長巴科，聯盟成員，監督委員會成員，校友會成員，教職員工，自豪的父母和畢業生們，今天是歡樂的日子，是屬於你們的一天，大大祝賀！

今天我很高興來到這裡，並想告訴你們一些我自己的經歷。今天也將是你們走向生活挑戰的開始。現在，機會的大門正在向你們打開。這多麼鼓舞人心。

德國作家赫爾曼·黑塞對這種情況有一些美妙的描述。我想引用他的話，然後繼續用我的母語演講。赫爾曼寫道：

」所有的開始都擁有神奇的力量，

護衛和幫助我們的生活。」

當24歲的我拿到物理學位的時候，這首詩也同樣激勵過我。那是1979年，當時世界被分成了東方陣營和西方陣營，處於冷戰階段。我在東德長大，一個按計劃經濟過日子的獨裁國家。沒有自由，人們沒有表達的權利，充滿政治迫害。

東德政府害怕人們因追求自由而逃離，於是建造了柏林牆。這是一堵由水泥和鋼筋造的牆。任何試圖翻越它的人，都被抓起來或者被槍殺。這面牆將柏林分成兩半，將人們和家庭分開，其中包括我的家。

我畢業後的第一份工作，是在東德科學研究院做物理科研。我住在離柏林牆很近的地方。每天在我上班和回家的路上，我都要經過它。在它另一側，是擁有自由的西德。

每天，當我走到接近柏林牆的時候，都不得不在最後一分鐘掉頭，走回自己的公寓。這意味著，每天，我都不得不在最後一刻，向牆那一邊的自由轉身。那如此地折磨人，我都不知道多少次覺得再也無法忍受了。

我不是異見者，也沒有去衝擊過那堵牆。但是，我也從來無法否認那堵牆就在那裡。我不想自己欺騙自己。柏林牆限制了我的機會，它就真實地擋在我的前面。

然而，在那些歲月里，這面牆無法做到一點。它不能限制我內心的想法，我的個性，我的想像力，我的夢想和願望。禁令和強制不能限制任何這些。

1989年，歐洲被自由的浪潮席捲。從波蘭，到匈牙利，捷克斯洛伐克，還有東德，成千上萬的人勇敢地湧向街頭。

人民顯示了自己的力量，推翻了柏林牆！

包括我自己在內的許多人，不敢相信的事，成了現實！一扇門，突然被打開了。我也加入人潮，走過那道門。終於，我再也不用在最後一刻，被迫向自由轉身。我可以跨過邊境線，開始擁抱偉大的開放！

在30年前的那幾個月里，我親身經歷到，沒有什麼是不可能改變的。親愛的畢業生們，這些是今天，我第一個想跟你們分享的經歷。我希望，這能影響到你們對未來的選擇。

任何看起來像石頭一樣一成不變的事務，都是可以改變的！（全場掌聲）這個道理，無論大事小事，都需要從改變想法開始。

可惜，我父母那一代人，卻只能用最痛苦的方式，體會到這個道理。我父母分別出生在1926年和1928年。當他們跟你們年紀差不多的時候，恰好遇到人有背棄美好價值觀的傾向，第二次世界大戰結束的年代。

我的國家，曾經的法西斯德國，給歐洲和全世界，帶來了難以抹去的災難。戰勝和失利的雙方，本很可能多年處於無法彌補的對抗中。然而，實際上，歐洲卻快速地擺脫了曾經瀰漫了數個世紀的衝突鬥爭。一種基於共同的價值觀，而不是強大的國家主義之上的和平秩序，得以建立。

儘管這一路並不缺乏爭議和反覆，但是我深信不疑，我們歐洲人因為聯合了起來，而變得更好更強大。（全場掌聲）

而美國和德國之間的友好關係也證明，曾經的戰爭中的敵人，也可以轉變成朋友。喬治·馬歇爾是促成這段歷史的重要人物。而恰好是在這裡，1947年（哈佛）的畢業典禮上，他宣布了這個計劃，並為之做出傑出的貢獻。

以民主和人權等價值觀為基礎的跨大西洋夥伴關係，使我們擁有了一個和平與繁榮的時代。到現在已經持續了70多年，所有各方都受益。不久之後，我們這一代的政治家將退出歷史舞台。

2019屆哈佛畢業生們，你們這一代人將面對21世紀未來幾十年的挑戰。你們是將我們帶到未來的一代人。

保護主義、貿易衝突，危及國際自由貿易，讓我們的繁榮基礎漸漸流失。數字化信息革命影響著我們生活的方方面面。戰爭和恐怖主義導致人們流離失所。氣候變化對我們星球的自然資源構成威脅。而人類需要對這個危機以及更多的後果負責。

我們能夠而且必須盡一切可能，應對這一挑戰。現在行動還來得及，但是需要我們每個人都發揮作用。而且我覺得，這個措施也將在批評中走向完善。因此，我將儘力行使我的權利，確保德國在2050年實現"氣候中和（即超低碳環保生活）"。

如果我們一起解決它們，會有更好的變化。如果我們只想單獨行動，就無法取得多少成績。

因此，我想與你們分享的第二個想法是，我們比以往任何時候都更需要多邊合作，而不是單邊行動；需要全球性的，而不是單個國家的；要對外開放，而不是走向孤立主義。簡而言之，我們必須共同努力而不是孤軍奮戰。

親愛的畢業生們，你們將來會有比我們這一代人更多的機會。畢竟，光你們的智能手機，就可能比蘇聯製造的IBM主機電腦的副本，具有更多的應用能力。我在1986年的東德，曾經在寫論文的時候用到過（這種老古董電腦）。

例如，今天我們使用人工智慧，從數百萬張圖像中搜索到疾病的癥狀，以便用於更好地診斷癌症（等疾病）。將來，一個充滿洞察力的機器人，就可能幫助醫生和護士關注患者的個性化需求。

現在，我們還無法預測哪些應用程序將成為可能。但可以肯定的是，它帶來的機會將令人嘆為觀止。

2019級畢業生們，你們將很大程度地決定我們在未來如何利用這些科技。你們將參與決定未來的工作方式，通訊，改變人的整個生活。

作為德國總理，我經常要問自己，我做對了嗎？我這麼做是因為它是對的，還是僅僅因為方便做成？這也是你需要問自己的問題。

這是我今天想與大家分享的第三個想法。是我們在制定科技規則，還是科技讓我們被牽著鼻子走？我們是否充分優先考慮人的尊嚴，還是只是將大眾當成消費者、大數據來源，甚至是觀察監控對象？這些都是具有挑戰的問題。

我的經驗是，如果我們習慣於通過對方的視角看問題，就可以找到很好的答案。這還包括，我們能尊重他人的歷史、傳統、宗教和身份，堅守自己的價值觀並保持一致，在需要儘快決斷的壓力下也能不衝動行事且保持深思熟慮。當然，這麼做肯定需要勇氣。

重要的是，我們需要對他人以誠相待。也許最重要的，我們首先要能誠實地面對自己。

還有什麼比哈佛更好的地方？在這裡，來自世界各地的年輕人，在追求真理的校訓下，學習、研究和討論我們這個時代面臨的各種問題。

這要求我們不要把謊言和事實顛倒。它要求我們不能把缺陷看做正常。然而，親愛的畢業生，有什麼可能阻止你們？阻止我們實現這些？

答案是，牆。人們心中的牆，無知的牆壁和狹隘的思想。

它們存在於家庭成員之間，以及社會中不同膚色、民族和宗教的群體之間。牆不斷阻止我們對世界協調合作的設想。我們是否能做到這一點，取決於我們自己。

這是我希望在座的各位畢業生思考的第四點，沒有什麼是理所當然的。

個人自由不是從天而降的，民主制度也並非理所當然地能一直健康存在。同樣，人類的和平和繁榮都不是必然的。

但是，如果我們打破桎梏自己的牆壁，如果我們擁抱開放並有勇氣步入新的開始，一切皆有可能。

牆可以倒塌，毒菜可以消失。人類可以控制全球變暖，根除飢餓，消除疾病，讓人們特別是更多的女孩獲得教育的機會，對抗流離失所。這一切我們都可以做到。

所以，讓我們不要再問不可能做到什麼，或者專註於那種一直以來的方式。讓我們首先詢問能做什麼，並去攻克曾經無法實現那些事。

這恰也是我在2005年，贏得德國大選後，在議會發表第一份政策聲明的想法。我是德意志聯邦共和國第一位女性總理（註：德國的一把手）。

我想用這些話準確地與你們分享我的第五個想法，讓我們超越自我，實現各種突破，展示我們的能力和力量。

我的個人經歷，是柏林牆的倒塌，讓30多年前的我走向了開放和挑戰。我離開了科研工作，進入政界。那是鼓舞人心和充滿奇蹟的年代。正如在座的你們，生活將是令人興奮和神奇的。但是，也逃避不了懷疑和擔心的時刻。那個時候，我們都知道過去發生了什麼，但不知道未來會是怎樣。也許這也是今天的你們，在畢業季的歡樂之餘，擁有的類似感受。

我想與你分享的第六個想法就是，當你走出去的那一刻，也是冒險開始的時刻。學會繼往開來。任何的開始都有結束的時候，白天始終有黑夜相隨，生命都逃避不了死亡。

我們的一生會遇到各種不同。開始和結束之間，有著空間。我們稱之為生命和經驗。我一直相信，我們需要做好準備，習慣結束。因為這是新起點的啟航，這樣能幫助我們充分把握未來的機會。

這是我無論做學生，做科研，還是從政後，不斷體會的道理。誰知道在我離任之後，將會有什麼樣的生活。但是，一定也會是追求新的挑戰的生活。有一件事是很清楚的，將再次是不同的新生活。

這就是為什麼我要把這個希望留給你們，推倒無知和狹隘的牆，因為沒有什麼必須保持原樣。

為全球性的多邊利益行動。

常常問自己：我之所以去做，是因為這事本身是對的，還是僅僅因為有把握做成它？

不要忘記，自由也需要捍衛。

努力超越自我，給自己帶來不斷的驚喜。

請記住，開放的同時也帶來風險。

告別過去，是新開始的一部分。

最重要的是，沒有什麼可以被視為理所當然。一切皆可能發生。