美國最負盛名的新建築——文化博物館

設計 06-28

美國非裔美國人歷史與文化國家博物館

美國最負盛名的新建築

該博物館位於憲法大道，毗鄰美國國家歷史博物館和華盛頓紀念碑，將為NMAAHC提供展覽畫廊、行政空間、劇院空間和收藏品存儲空間。作為Freelon Adjaye Bond/SmithGroup (FAB)團隊的首席設計師，David Adjaye的方法是與這個獨特的場地建立一種有意義的關係，同時與美國深厚而悠久的非洲遺產產生強烈的概念共鳴。

設計基於三個基礎:建築的「日冕」形狀和形式；建築向外延伸到景觀——門廊；還有那銅絲線信封。

Winning the competition to design the National Museum of African American History and Culture has consolidated the practice』s US portfolio with arguably the nation』s most prestigious new building. Located on Constitution Avenue, adjacent to the National Museum of American History and the Washington Monument, the museum will house exhibit galleries, administrative spaces, theatre space and collections storage space for the NMAAHC. As lead designer for the Freelon Adjaye Bond/SmithGroup (FAB) team, David Adjaye』s approach has been to establish both a meaningful relationship to this unique site as well as a strong conceptual resonance with America』s deep and longstanding African heritage. The design rests on three cornerstones: the 「corona」 shape and form of the building; the extension of the building out into the landscape – the porch; and the bronze filigree envelope.

博物館坐落在華盛頓紀念碑的場地上，保持著微妙的輪廓——超過一半在地下——有五層在地上。日冕是基於華盛頓紀念碑的元素，緊密匹配的17度角的頂石和面板的大小和模式，已開發利用紀念碑的石頭作為參考。

整個建築被包裹在一個裝飾性的青銅晶格中，這是對非裔美國人工藝的歷史借鑒。圖案的密度可以調節，以控制進入室內的陽光量和透明度。南入口由門廊和中心的水景組成。作為建築向景觀的延伸，門廊創造了一個連接室內外的室外空間。

Situated on the Washington Monument grounds the museum maintains a subtle profile in the landscape – more than half is below ground – with five storeys above. The corona is based on elements of the Washington Monument, closely matching the 17-degree angle of the capstone and the panel size and pattern has been developed using the Monument stones as a reference. The entire building is wrapped in an ornamental bronze lattice that is a historical reference to African American craftsmanship. The density of the pattern can be modulated to control the amount of sunlight and transparency into the interior. The south entry is composed of the Porch and a central water feature. An extension of the building out into the landscape, the porch creates an outdoor room that bridges the gap between the interior and exterior.

在50米(49』-2 ")深，退縮尺度是類似於在北側商場的其他建築物。玄關屋頂的底部向上傾斜，可以反射下方流動的水。這個覆蓋區域創造了一個小氣候，微風與涼爽的海水相結合，產生了一個躲避炎熱的夏季太陽的避難所。門廊屋頂上還有一個室外露台，可以從建築的夾層進入。

At 50m (49』-2」) deep, the setback is similar to other buildings on the north side of the Mall. The underside of the porch roof is tilted upward allowing reflection of the moving water below. This covered area creates a microclimate where breezes combine with the cooling waters to generate a place of refuge from the hot summer sun. There is also an outdoor patio on the porch rooftop that is accessed from a mezzanine level within the building.

在建築內部，遊客將被引導進行一段歷史和情感的旅程，其特點是巨大的無柱空間、自然光線的戲劇性注入，以及由預製混凝土、木材和青銅晶格內的玻璃表皮組成的多樣化材料調色板。

在地下，環境是沉思和不朽的，由三層樓高的歷史畫廊實現，並以紀念空間為象徵——「眼睛」——從紀念碑場地帶來由瀑布擴散的光進入沉思空間。

向上移動，景色變得至關重要，因為一個人沿著日冕走廊獲得與無與倫比的全景將商場、聯邦三角建築和紀念碑廣場盡收眼底。

Inside the building, visitors will be guided on a historical and emotional journey, characterised by vast, column free spaces, a dramatic infusion of natural light and a diverse material palette comprising pre-cast concrete, timber and a glazed skin that sits within the bronze lattice. Below ground, the ambience is contemplative and monumental, achieved by the triple height history gallery and symbolised by the memorial space – the 「oculus」 – that brings light diffused by a cascade of water into the contemplative space from the Monument grounds. Moving upwards, the views become pivotal, as one circulates along the corona with unrivalled panoramas of the Mall, Federal Triangle buildings and Monument Grounds.