如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 上手動安裝安全更新？

知識 07-22

在這個教程裡面，我們會向你展示如何查看可用的安全更新，以及如何在 Ubuntu、LinuxMint 等等這些基於 Debian 的系統中安裝它們。
-- Magesh Maruthamuthu（作者）

在 Linux 上通過命令行安裝一個包程序是一件簡單的事。在一行命令中組合使用多個命令能讓你更加簡單地完成任務。

安全更新也同樣如此。

在這個教程裡面，我們會向你展示如何查看可用的安全更新，以及如何在 Ubuntu、LinuxMint 等等這些基於 Debian 的系統中安裝它們。

有三種方法可以完成這件事，下面會詳細地描述這三種方法。

作為一個 Linux 管理員，你應該讓你的系統保持為最新，這會讓你的系統更安全，保護你的系統抵抗意想不到的攻擊。

如果你因為一些應用的依賴問題不能解決，導致不能給所有的系統進行全部更新。那至少，你應該打上安全補丁來讓你的系統 100% 符合要求。

方法一：如何檢查 Debian/Ubuntu 中是否有任何可用的安全更新？

在進行補丁安裝之前，檢查可用安全更新列表始終是一個好習慣。它會為你提供將在你的系統中進行更新的軟體包的列表。

默認情況下，你的系統上應該是已經安裝了 unattended-upgrades 包的。但是如果你的系統沒有裝這個包，那麼請使用下面的命令來安裝它。

使用 APT-GET 命令或者 APT 命令來安裝 unattended-upgrades 包。

$ sudo apt-get install unattended-upgrades
或
$ sudo apt install unattended-upgrades

什麼是試運行? 大多數的 Linux 命令都有一個試運行選項，它會給出實際的輸出但不會下載或安裝任何東西。

為此，你需要在 unattended-upgrades 命令中添加 --dry-run 選項。

$ sudo unattended-upgrade --dry-run -d
Initial blacklisted packages:
Initial whitelisted packages:
Starting unattended upgrades script
Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=bionic, o=Ubuntu,a=bionic-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=bionic
Using (^linux-image-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-headers-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-image-extra-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-modules-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-modules-extra-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-signed-image-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^kfreebsd-image-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^kfreebsd-headers-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^gnumach-image-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^.*-modules-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^.*-kernel-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-backports-modules-.*-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-modules-.*-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-tools-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*|^linux-cloud-tools-[0-9]+.[0-9.]+-.*) regexp to find kernel packages
Using (^linux-image-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-headers-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-image-extra-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-modules-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-signed-image-4.15.0-51-generic$|^kfreebsd-image-4.15.0-51-generic$|^kfreebsd-headers-4.15.0-51-generic$|^gnumach-image-4.15.0-51-generic$|^.*-modules-4.15.0-51-generic$|^.*-kernel-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-backports-modules-.*-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-modules-.*-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-tools-4.15.0-51-generic$|^linux-cloud-tools-4.15.0-51-generic$) regexp to find running kernel packages
Checking: apt ([])
adjusting candidate version: apt=1.6.6ubuntu0.1
Checking: apt-utils ([])
adjusting candidate version: apt-utils=1.6.6ubuntu0.1
Checking: bash ([])
.
.
Checking: xxd ([, ])
pkgs that look like they should be upgraded: binutils
binutils-common
binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu
cpp
cpp-7
dbus
dbus-user-session
dbus-x11
firefox
firefox-locale-en
g++
g++-7
gcc
gcc-7
gcc-7-base
gcc-8-base
libasan4
libatomic1
libbinutils
libcc1-0
libcilkrts5
libdbus-1-3
libdbus-1-dev
libgcc-7-dev
libgcc1
libgfortran4
libgomp1
libitm1
liblsan0
libmpx2
libquadmath0
libstdc++-7-dev
libstdc++6
libtsan0
libubsan0
vim-common
vim-tiny
xxd

如果在終端里，上面的命令輸出說「No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals」，這意味著你的系統已經是最新的了。

如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 中安裝可用的安全更新？

如果你在上面的命令輸出中獲得了任意的軟體包更新，就運行下面的命令來安裝它們。

$ sudo unattended-upgrade -d

除此之外，你也可以使用 apt-get 命令來進行安裝。但是這個方法有點棘手，我會建議用戶用第一個選項。

方法二：如何使用 apt-get 命令在 Debian/Ubuntu 中檢查是否有可用的安全更新？

在你的 Debian/Ubuntu 系統中運行下面的命令來查看可用安全更新的列表。

$ sudo apt-get -s dist-upgrade | grep "^Inst" | grep -i securi
Inst libquadmath0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libitm1 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst gcc-8-base [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libmpx2:amd64 libgcc1:amd64 libtsan0:amd64 liblsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libgcc1 [1:8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (1:8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libmpx2:amd64 libtsan0:amd64 liblsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libmpx2 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libtsan0:amd64 liblsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst liblsan0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libtsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libtsan0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libcc1-0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libatomic1 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libgomp1:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libgomp1 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libstdc++6:amd64 ]
Inst libstdc++6 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst libdbus-1-dev [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst dbus-user-session [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst dbus-x11 [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst dbus [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libdbus-1-3 [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst xxd [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst vim-tiny [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst vim-common [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [all])
Inst binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [binutils:amd64 ]
Inst binutils-common [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [binutils:amd64 libbinutils:amd64 ]
Inst binutils [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libbinutils:amd64 ]
Inst libbinutils [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst libasan4 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libubsan0 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libcilkrts5 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst g++-7 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst gcc-7 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libstdc++-7-dev [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libgcc-7-dev [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst libgfortran4 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst cpp-7 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) []
Inst gcc-7-base [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst cpp [4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst firefox [67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1] (67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst firefox-locale-en [67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1] (67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst gcc [4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
Inst g++ [4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])

如何使用 apt-get 命令在 Debian/Ubuntu 系統中安裝可用的安全更新？

如果你在上面命令的輸出中發現任何的軟體包更新。就運行下面的命令來安裝它們。

$ sudo apt-get -s dist-upgrade | grep "^Inst" | grep -i securi | awk -F " " {"print $2"} | xargs apt-get install

除此之外，也可以使用 apt 命令來完成。但是這個方法有點棘手，我會建議用戶用第一個方式。

方法三：如何使用 apt 命令在 Debian/Ubuntu 系統中檢查是否有可用的安全更新？

在 Debian/Ubuntu 系統中運行下面的命令來查看可用安全更新的列表。

$ sudo apt list --upgradable | grep -e "-security"
binutils/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04]
binutils-common/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04]
binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04]
cpp/bionic-updates,bionic-security 4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1]
cpp-7/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
dbus/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1]
dbus-user-session/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1]
dbus-x11/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1]
firefox/bionic-updates,bionic-security 67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1]
firefox-locale-en/bionic-updates,bionic-security 67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1]
g++/bionic-updates,bionic-security 4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1]
g++-7/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
gcc/bionic-updates,bionic-security 4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1]
gcc-7/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
gcc-7-base/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
gcc-8-base/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libasan4/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
libatomic1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libbinutils/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04]
libcc1-0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libcilkrts5/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
libdbus-1-3/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1]
libdbus-1-dev/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1]
libgcc-7-dev/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
libgcc1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1:8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libgfortran4/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
libgomp1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libitm1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
liblsan0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libmpx2/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libquadmath0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libstdc++-7-dev/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
libstdc++6/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libtsan0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04]
libubsan0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04]
vim-common/bionic-updates,bionic-updates,bionic-security,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 all [upgradable from: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1]
vim-tiny/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1]
xxd/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1]