幫助別人讓我們更幸福！
研究表明，幫助別人使我們更快樂。但社會心理學家Elizabeth Dunn研究發現：如何提供幫助更重要！如果能在幫助他人的方式上做出一個關鍵的轉變，我們就能產生更大的影響，並從中提升自己的幸福感。
So, I have a pretty fun job, which is to figure outwhat makes people happy. It"s so fun, it might almost seen a little frivolous,especially at a time where we"re being confronted with some pretty depressingheadlines. But it turns out that studying happiness might provide a key tosolving some of the toughest problems we"re facing. It"s taken me almost adecade to figure this out.
所以說，我有一份很有趣的工作，就是找出是什麼令人快樂。這份工作很有意思，可能看起來有失嚴肅，尤其是在我們面臨一些相當令人沮喪的頭條新聞時。但事實證明，研究幸福感可能是解決我們面臨的最棘手問題的關鍵。我花了將近十年的時間才搞清楚這一點。
Pretty early on in my career, I published a paper in"Science" with my collaborators, entitled, "Spending Money on OthersPromotes Happiness". I was very confident in this conclusion, except forone thing: it didn"t seem to apply to me.
在研究初期，我與他人合作在《科學》雜誌上發表了一篇，題為《把錢花在別人身上能提升幸福感》的論文。我對這個結論很有信心，只是有一點例外：它似乎並不適用於我。
I hardly ever gave money to charity, and when I did,I didn"t feel that warm glow I was expecting. So I started to wonder if maybethere was something wrong with my research or something wrong with me. My ownlackluster emotional response to giving was especially puzzling because myfollow-up studies revealed that even toddlers exhibited joy from giving toothers.
我幾乎沒有給慈善機構捐過款，但當我捐款時，我並沒有感受到本以為該有的那種溫暖。所以我開始懷疑是我的研究有問題還是我本人有問題。對給予他人這種行為，我的情感如此冷漠，實在令人很是費解，因為我的後續研究表明，即便是幼兒在給予中也能感受到喜悅。
In one experiment, my colleagues Kiley Hamlin, LaraAknin and I brought kids just under the age of two into the lab. Now, as youmight imagine, we had to work with a resource that toddlers really care about,so we used the toddler equivalent of gold, namely, Goldfish crackers. We gavekids this windfall of Goldfish for themselves and a chance to give some oftheir Goldfish away to a puppet named Monkey.
在一項實驗中，我和我的同事凱莉·哈姆林、拉臘·阿克寧把不滿兩歲的孩子帶進了實驗室。你們可能想到了，我們得藉助能夠引發幼兒興趣的東西，於是我們使用了嬰幼兒眼中的寶貝——"金魚餅乾"。我們給了孩子很多金魚餅乾，並且觀察他們是否會把自己的金魚餅乾送幾塊給一個名叫猴子的木偶。
(Video) Researcher: I found even more treats, and I"mgoing to give them all to you.
Toddler: Ooh. Thank you.
Researcher: But, you know, I don"t see any moretreats. Will you give one to Monkey?
Toddler: Yeah.
Researcher: Yeah?
Toddler: Yeah.
Researcher: Ooh, yummy. Mmmm.
Toddler: All gone, he ate it.
（播放視頻）研究者：我又找到了些餅乾，我把這些餅乾都給你。
幼兒：哇。謝謝你。
研究者：但你看，我現在已經沒有餅乾了，你願意給猴子一塊嗎？
幼兒：是的。
研究者：是嗎？
幼兒：是。
研究者：哇，好美味。嗯。
幼兒：沒有了，他都吃光了。
Elizabeth Dunn: Now, we trained research assistantsto watch these videos and code toddlers" emotional reactions. Of course, wedidn"t tell them our hypotheses. The data revealed that toddlers were prettyhappy when they got this pile of Goldfish for themselves, but they wereactually even happier when they got to give some of their Goldfish away. Andthis warm glow of giving persists into adulthood.
伊麗莎白·鄧恩：現在，我們讓研究助理觀看這些視頻，並對幼兒的情緒反應進行記錄。當然，我們沒有告訴他們我們的假設。數據顯示，孩子們自己得到這堆金魚餅乾時非常開心，但在送出一些後，實際上他們變得更開心了。這種溫暖的感覺一直會延續到成年。
When we analyze surveys from more than 200,000adults across the globe, we saw that nearly a third of the world"s population reportedgiving at least some money to charity in the past months.
當我們分析來自全球20多萬成年人的調查結果時，我們發現全世界有將近三分之一的人表示在過去的幾個月里曾向慈善機構捐款。
Remarkably, in every major region of the world,people who gave money to charity were happier than those who did not, evenafter taking into account their own personal financial situation. And thiscorrelation wasn"t trivial. It looked like giving to charity made about thesame difference for happiness as having twice as much income.
值得注意的是，在世界上的任何一個地區，向慈善機構捐過款的人都會比沒捐款的人更加幸福，無論他們的經濟狀況如何。而且這種聯繫並非那麼輕描淡寫。慈善捐助帶來的幸福感似乎與收入翻番差不多。
Now, as a researcher, if you"re lucky enough tostumble on an effect that replicates around the world in children and adultsalike, you start to wonder: Could this be part of human nature? We know thatpleasure reinforces adaptive behaviors like eating and sex that help perpetuateour species, and it looked to me like giving might be one of those behaviors.
現在，作為一名研究人員，如果你有幸發現全世界的兒童和成年人身上都會出現同一種現象，你就會開始懷疑：這是否是人性的一部分？我們知道快感能強化進食、性交等促進物種延續的適應性行為，所以我認為，給予可能也是這樣一種行為。
I was really excited about these ideas, and I wroteabout them in "The New York Times". One of the people who read thisarticle was my accountant. Yeah，At tax time, I found myself seated across from him, watching as heslowly tapped his pen on the charitable giving line of my tax return with thislook of, like, poorly concealed disapproval.
我對於這些猜想感到十分興奮，並在《紐約時報》上發表了相關文章。正巧我的會計讀到了這篇文章。對，報稅時，我坐在他對面，看著他慢慢地用筆在我的納稅申報表裡慈善捐贈一欄上敲來敲去，難掩一臉懷疑。
Despite building my career by showing how greatgiving can feel, I actually wasn"t doing very much of it. So I resolved to givemore.
儘管我的工作就是展示給予可以帶來多大的幸福感，但實際上我自己並沒有給予很多。所以我決定作出更多奉獻。
Around that time, devastating stories about theSyrian refugee crisis were everywhere. I really wanted to help, so I pulled outmy credit card. I knew my donations would probably make a difference forsomeone somewhere, but going to the website of an effective charity andentering my Visa number still just didn"t feel like enough.
那個時候，關於敘利亞難民危機的不幸故事傳遍了大街小巷。我真的很想盡自己一份綿薄之力，於是我拿出了自己的信用卡。我知道自己的捐款很可能幫助到某個地方的某個人，但僅僅打開一個靠譜的慈善機構網站、輸入我的信用卡號，我覺得還遠遠不夠。
That"s when I learned about the Group of Five. TheCanadian government allows any five Canadians to privately sponsor a family ofrefugees. You have to raise enough money to support the family for their firstyear in Canada, and then they literally get on a plane to your city.
就在那時，我聽說了五人小組。加拿大政府允許任何公民，組成一個五人小組，以私人名義贊助一個難民家庭。小組必須籌集足夠的資金來維持這個家庭在加拿大第一年的生活，然後他們就真的會坐飛機去你所在的城市。
One of the things that I think is so cool about thisprogram is that no one is allowed to do it alone. And instead of a Group ofFive, we ended up partnering with a community organization and forming a groupof 25.
我覺得這個項目很酷的一點是：不允許任何人單獨提供贊助。我們並沒有成立五人組，而是和一個社區組織成立了一個由25人組成的小組。
After almost two years of paperwork and waiting, welearned that our family would be arriving in Vancouver in less than six weeks.They had four sons and a daughter, so we raced to find them a place to live. Wewere very lucky to find them a house, but it needed quite a bit of work. So myfriends came out on evenings and weekends and painted and cleaned and assembledfurniture. When the big day came, we filled their fridge with milk and freshfruit and headed to the airport to meet our family.
經過近兩年的手續辦理和等待時間，我們得知我們所資助的難民家庭將在六周內抵達溫哥華。他們家有四個兒子和一個女兒，所以我們馬不停蹄地為他們尋找地方安家落戶。我們很幸運地為他們找到了一所房子，但入住前還有不少工作要做。所以一到晚上和周末，我的朋友便過來幫著一起打掃房子、粉刷牆面、組裝傢具。那個重要的日子到來了，我們在他們的冰箱放滿了牛奶和新鮮水果，然後去機場接我們的新家人。
It was a little overwhelming for everyone,especially the four-year-old. His mother was reunited with her sister who hadcome to Canada earlier through the same program. They hadn"t seen each other in15 years. When you hear that more than 5.6 million refugees have fled Syria,you"re faced with this tragedy that the human brain hasn"t really evolved tocomprehend. It"s so abstract.
每個人都激動萬分，尤其是這個四歲大的孩子。他的母親得以與之前通過同一項目來到加拿大的妹妹團聚。她們已經闊別15年之久。當你聽說有超過560萬難民逃離敘利亞時，面對這樣的悲劇，人類大腦根本不能切實體會。因為這太抽象了。
Before, if any of us had been asked to donate 15hours a month to help out with the refugee crisis, we probably would have saidno. But as soon as we took our family to their new home in Vancouver, we allhad the same realization: we were just going to do whatever it took to helpthem be happy.
之前，如果有人要求我們每個月拿出15個小時的時間來幫助解決難民危機，我們很可能會拒絕。但是，當我們把他們接到溫哥華的新家後，我們才發現：能讓他們高興的事情，我們都會去做。
This experience made me think a little more deeplyabout my research.Back in my lab, we"d seen the benefits of giving spike whenpeople felt a real sense of connection with those they were helping and couldeasily envision the difference they were making in those individuals" lives. Forexample, in one experiment, we gave participants an opportunity to donate a bitof money to either UNICEF or Spread the Net.
這次的經歷讓我對自己的研究有了更深入的思考。再回到我們的實驗室，當人們切實感受到自己與救助對象之間的緊密聯繫，並且能夠直觀看到自己給他們的生活帶來的改變時，我們就會感受到奉獻的樂趣。例如，在一項實驗中，我們鼓勵參與者向聯合國兒童基金會或蚊帳基金會的其中一家捐贈一些錢。
We chose these charities intentionally, because theywere partners and shared the same critically important goal of promoting children"s health. But I think UNICEF is just such a big, broad charity that itcan be a little hard to envision how your own small donation will make adifference. In contrast, Spread the Net offers donors a concrete promise: forevery 10 dollars donated, they provide one bed net to protect a child frommalaria. We saw that the more money people gave to Spread the Net, the happierthey reported feeling afterward.
我們有意選擇了這兩家慈善機構，因為他們是合作夥伴，而且也都以促進兒童健康作為首要目標。但是我覺得，對於聯合國兒童基金會這樣的大型慈善機構，很難想像自己的那點小小捐贈能發揮什麼作用。相比之下，蚊帳基金會對捐贈者作出了具體承諾：每捐贈10美元，他們就會為一名兒童免費提供一頂蚊帳，保護他免受瘧疾的侵害。不難發現，人們向蚊帳基金會捐款越多，之後他們就會感覺越開心。
In contrast, this emotional return on investment wascompletely eliminated when people gave money to UNICEF. So this suggests thatjust giving money to a worthwhile charity isn"t always enough. You need to beable to envision how, exactly, your dollars are going to make a difference.
相比之下，當人們給聯合國兒童基金會捐錢時，這種奉獻之後的情感回饋就完全體現不出來。這項對比表明，隨便把錢捐給一家值得信賴的慈善機構還遠遠不夠。你需要設想一下，你的錢是怎樣具體落到實處的。
Of course, the Group of Five program takes this ideato a whole new level. When we first took on this project, we would talk aboutwhen the refugees would arrive. Now, we just refer to them as our family.
當然，五人小組項目把這個想法提升到了一個新高度。這項計劃剛開始的時候，我們只會討論一下難民什麼時候到達。而現如今，我們已將他們當成了自己的家人。
Recently, we took the kids ice skating, and laterthat day, my six-year-old, Oliver, asked me,"Mommy, who is the oldest kidin our family"? I assumed he was talking about his plethora of cousins,and he was talking about them, but also about our Syrian family.
最近，我領著孩子們去滑冰，那天晚些時候，我六歲的孩子奧利弗，問我，"媽媽，誰是家裡最大的孩子？"我以為他指的是他的那些表親們，他確實也有提到，但是還包括了我們的敘利亞家人。
Since our family arrived, so many people and organizationshave offered to help, providing everything from free dental fillings to summercamps. It"s made me see the goodness that exists in our community.
自從我們幫助的家庭到達溫哥華後，許多個人和組織都提供了幫助，從贈送補牙填充物到免費夏令營，幫助方式五花八門、不盡相同。這讓我看到了我們社區居民的優良美德。
Thanks to one donation, the kids go to go to bikecamp, and every day of the week, some member of our group tried to be there tocheer for them.
多虧了一項捐贈，孩子們有機會去到了單車夏令營，不管一周的哪一天，我們組裡總會有人抽出時間去那裡給孩子們加油打氣。
I happened to be there the day the training wheelswere supposed to come off, and let me tell you, the four-year-old did not thinkthis was a good idea. So I went over and talked to him about the long-termbenefits of riding without training wheels. Then I remembered that he was fourand barely spoke English.
我有一天到那裡的時候，正趕上他們準備把單車兩邊的輔助輪卸下來，你們猜怎麼著，有個四歲大的孩子可不覺得這是個好主意。於是我就過去告訴他，不用輔助輪騎自行車的長期益處。隨後我想起來他只有四歲，還不太會說英語。
So I reverted to two words he definitely knew: icecream. You try without training wheels, I"ll buy you ice cream. Here"s whathappened next.
於是我就用了他肯定知道的單詞：冰激凌。只要你能卸掉輔助輪騎單車，我就給你買冰淇淋吃。你們猜接下來發生了什麼？
(Video) ED: Yes.
Yeah!
Kid: I"m gonna try.
ED: Oh my God! Look at you go! Look at you go!You"re doing it all by yourself!
ED: Good job!
（播放視頻）伊麗莎白·鄧恩：對。
很好！
孩子：讓我試試。
伊麗莎白·鄧恩：噢，我的天啊！你看，你會啦！你看，你會啦！你靠你自己做到啦！
伊麗莎白·鄧恩：幹得好！
ED: So this is the kind of helping that human beingsevolved to enjoy, but for 40 years, Canada was the only country in the worldthat allowed private citizens to sponsor refugees. Now--Canada! It"s prettygreat.
伊麗莎白·鄧恩：這就是人類在幫助他人過程中，所享受的快樂，但40多年來，加拿大是世界上惟一一個允許公民以個人名義幫助難民的國家。現在——加拿大萬歲！你們真好。
Now Australia and the UK are starting up similarprograms. Just imagine how different the refugee crisis could look if morecountries made this possible. Creating these kinds of meaningful connectionsbetween individuals provides an opportunity to deal with challenges that feeloverwhelming.
如今，澳大利亞和英國正在啟動類似的計劃。試想一下，如果有更多的國家能參與其中，難民危機將會有得到多麼大的緩解。當個人與個人之間建立了這種十分有意義的聯繫，在日後面對一些棘手問題時，便會多出一條解決之道。
One of those challenges lies just blocks from whereI"m standing right now, in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver. By somemeasures, it"s the poorest urban postal code in Canada.
其中一個棘手問題就在離我現在所站的這個地方几個街區的距離，就是溫哥華市中心東區。從某種程度上說，這是加拿大最貧窮的城區。
We actually debated whether to bring over a familyof refugees, because there are so many people right here already struggling. Myfriend Evan told me that when he was a kid and his parents drove through thisneighborhood, he would duck down in the back seat.
事實上，我們是在討論要不要接來一個難民家庭，因為這裡的許多人也正掙扎在貧困線上。我的朋友埃文告訴我，他小時候，父母開車穿過這個街區時，他便會趴在后座上不敢向外看。
But Evan"s parents never would have guessed thatwhen he grew up, he would open up the doors of a local restaurant and invitethis community inside to enjoy three-course dinners.
但是埃文的父母永遠也不會想到：他們的兒子長大以後，會在打開當地餐館的大門，邀請這個社區的居民免費入內、享用包含三道菜式的晚餐。
The program that Evan helped build is called"Plenty of Plates", and the goal is not just to provide free mealsbut to create moments of connection between people who otherwise might nevermake eye contact.
埃文發起的這項計劃名為"飯菜應有盡有"，這項計劃的目的並不僅僅是提供免費的晚餐，更是為那些碰面後也絕不會對視的人，創造一個邂逅和交流的機會。
Each night, a local business sponsors the dinner andsends a team of volunteers who help make and serve the meal. Afterward, theleftovers get distributed to people who are out on the street, and importantly,there"s enough money left to provide a thousand free lunches for this communityin the days that follow. But the benefits of this program extend beyond food.
每天晚上，一家當地企業會贊助晚餐費用，並組織志願團隊來負責晚餐的製作和客人的招待。然後，剩餘的晚餐將會分發給街上的人，而且重要的是，還剩餘足夠的錢，能在接下來的日子裡為該社區免費提供1000份午餐。但這項計劃的意義，不僅僅是提供食物。
For the volunteers, it provides an opportunity toengage with people, to sit down and hear their stories. After this experience,one volunteer changed his commute so that instead of avoiding thisneighborhood, he walks through it, smiling or making eye contact as he passesfamiliar faces.
對於志願者而言，這讓他們有機會融入到人群中去，坐下來傾聽人們的故事。有過這次志願經歷後，其中一位志願者還改變了上下班路線，以前他總是避開鄰居，現在，他不這樣了，遇到熟悉的面孔還會對視一笑。
All of us are capable of finding joy in giving. Butwe shouldn"t expect this to happen automatically. Spending money helping othersdoesn"t necessarily promote happiness. Instead, it matters how we do it.
我們都可以在奉獻中找到快樂。但是，可不要以為這種快樂會自己找上門來。花錢幫助別人不一定會提升幸福感。而重要的是怎麼做。
And if we want people to give more, we need tosubvert the way we think about charitable giving. We need to createopportunities to give that enable us to appreciate our shared humanity.
如果我們希望社會大眾奉獻更多，那我們就要轉變自身對於慈善捐贈的看法了。我們需要創造機會，來感恩人類的奉獻。
If any of you work for a charity, don"t reward yourdonors with pens or calendars. Reward them with the opportunity to see thespecific impact that their generosity is having and to connect with theindividuals and communities they"re helping.
如果你們有人在慈善機構工作，不要去用鋼筆或者日曆來答謝捐贈者。想要答謝他們，就讓他們看看自己的慷慨所帶來的實在影響，引導他們與其幫助的個人或社區建立聯繫。
We"re used to thinking about giving as something weshould do. And it is. But in thinking about it this way, we"re missing out onone of the best parts of being human: that we have evolved to find joy inhelping others.
我們習慣性地認為給予是我們應該做的。確是如此。但是我們要這樣想，我們忽略了作為人類最珍貴的那部分：我們能夠在幫助他人中發現快樂。
Let"s stop thinking about giving as just this moralobligation and start thinking of it as a source of pleasure. Thank you.
不要去想給予是一種道義責任，而是嘗試將它視為一種快樂的源泉。謝謝。
素材源自網路，僅供學習參考。
